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HOPI

and began to study law under conveyancers, his call to the Bar at the Inner Temple taking place in 1838. Meanwhile, in the latter year he graduated B.C.L. at Oxford, proceeding D.C.L. in 1843. In 1838, after publishing anonymously in pamphlet form a letter to the Archbishop of Canterbury, he saw through the press Gladstone's work entitled "The State con- sidered in its Relations with the Church". Next year he and Roundell Palmer (the future Earl of Selborne) projected "The History of Colleges". In 1840, at Newman's request, Hope wrote in "The British Critic", a review, later published separately, of Ward's translation of "The Statutes of Magdalen College, Oxon." The same year, as junior counsel for the capitular bodies petitioning against the Ecclesiastical Duties and Revenues Bill, he delivered the remark- ably able speech which moved Brougham to exclaim, "That young man's fortune is made." In 1840, more- over, he was appointed Chancellor of the Diocese of Salisbury, which post he held until 184.5. About the same time he took part in the foundation of Glen- almond College, in Perthshire, for the education of the Scottish Episcopal youth. In 1840-41 he spent some eight months in Italy, Rome included, in com- pany with his close friend Edward Louth Badeley. On his return he became, with Newman, one of the foremost promoters of the Tractarian movement at Oxford. His next publication was a pamphlet against the estalilishment of the Anglo-Prussian Protestant See of Jerusalem, of which a second edition appeared in 1842. In 1849 and 1850 there came the Gorham trial and judgment, and in the latter year the agita- tion against the so-called " Papal Aggression". These events finally determined him upon tlie course of join- ing the Catholic Church, into which, together with .Archdeacon Manning, he was received in London in 1851 by the Jesuit Father Brownbill.

In 1S52 he managed Newman's defence in the libel action lirought against him by Achilli, and in 1855 he conducted the negotiations which ended in Newman's accepting the rectorship of the Catholic LTniversity of Ireland. As to Hope's professional work, within a few years of his call he devoted himself wholly to parliamentary practice, in which his suc- cess and emohmients became prodigious. This was the palmy period of railway construction, and even- tually he became standing counsel to almost every railway in the realm. In 1849 he was appointed Q.C., with a patent of precedence.

His first wife, whom he married in 1847, was Char- lotte Harriet Jane Lockhart, only daughter of John Gibson Lockhart and granddaughter of Sir Walter Scott. She soon followed her husband into the Catho- lic Church. A year later he became tenant of Ab- botsford to his brother-in-law, and on the latter's death, in 18-53, its posses.sor in right of his wife, there- upon assuming the name of Hope-Scott. Not long afterwards he added a new wing to Sir Walter's man- sion. In 18.55 he bought the Highland estate of Dor- lin, whereon he built a new house, selling the whole to Lord Howard of Glossop in 1871. In 1858 he had to mourn the loss of his wife, who died in childbed, the newborn child dying shortly after, and Walter Michael, his infant .son and heir, before the close of the year. His second wife, whom he wedded in 1861, was Lady Victoria .-Mexandrina Fitzalan-Howard, eldest daugh- ter of the fourteenth Duke of Norfolk, of whose children Hope-Scott had been left guardian. In 1867 he had the honour of a visit from Queen Victoria at .Abbots- ford, and in the same year he bought a villa at Hy^res, in Provence. Like lier predecessor, his second wife died in childbed in 1870, after giving birth to James Fitzalan Hope, now (1909) M. P. Hope-Scott never overcame the grief and shock entailed by this last bereavement. He now withdrew from his profession, surviving his dead wife but little more than two years, and dying in 1873. His funeral sermon was preached

by his old and intimate friend Cardinal Newman in the same Jesuit church of Farm Street in which, two and twenty years back, Hope-Scott had made his submission to the Catholic Church. His charities and benefactions were wellnigh boundless. It is reckoned that from 1860 onwards he spent £40,000 in hidden charity. Among his innumerable good works, he built at a cost of £10,000 the Catholic church at Galashiels, near Abl)otsford, and he was the chief benefactor of St. Margaret's Convent, at Edin- burgh, wherein he lies buried.

Kent in Diet. Nat. Biog., s. v.; Ornsbt. MemoirB of James Robert Hope-Scott, of Abbotsford, unth Selections from his Corres- pondence (London, 1SS4): Newman, Funeral Sermon; Am- herst, Funeral Sermon at St. Margaret's Convent, Edinburgh; Coleridge. Memorial in The Month, XIX, 274-91; The Tablet. 10 Hay. 1873; The Law Times, same date, etc.

C. T. BOOTHMAN.

Hopi Indians (from Hopita "peaceful ones" their own name; also frequently known as MoKi, or MoQi'i, an alien designation of disputed origin), an interesting tribe of Pueblo Indians of Sho.shonean stock, occupying .seven communal jiiiehh towns situa-' ted upon high n/e.-ias within a reservation in north-east Arizona. One of these pueblos, Hano, is occupied by

immigrants from the Tewa tribe of New Mexico, speaking a distinct language. Like all the Pueblos, they are sedentary and agricultural in habit, and although the entire surrounding country is a desert of shifting sand, they carry on successful farming with the aid of water supplied by numerous small springs which issue from the base of the ?nf.sa. Besides their abundant crops of corn, beans, squashes, tobacco, and peaches (the last an inheritance from the former mis- sionaries), they manufacture a fine variety of pottery and basket-work, and excel in woodcarving and the weaving of native cotton. Many of them are also skilful metal-workers. Their houses are square-built and flat-roofed structures of stone or adobe, some- times several stories in height, with a sufficient number of rooms to accommodate hundreds of persons, and with store-rooms filled with provisions sufficient to last for a year. For better protection from hostile attack, most of the outer walls are without doors, entrance and egre-ss being through a hole in the roof by means of a ladder, other ladders being let down at the outside. In former times also the steep trails which constitute the only means of approach to the summit were effectually closed at night or when danger threatened, by removing the ladders which are necessary in the most ditticvdt places.

The Hopi are of kind and peaceable disposition, with the possible exception of the more truculent Oraibi on the westernmost mesa. They are industrious, fond of amusement and pleasantry, and entirely lack- ing in the stern dignity common to the more eastern tribes. They have an elaborate system of clans and phratries, each with certain distinguishing ritual