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 HOOD

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HOOGSTRATEN

of that city. He left Coblenz in 1747 on account of ill- health, and returned to Trier, where he became in 1748 dean of the chapter of St-Simeon, auxiliary bishop, and vicar-general. He received episcopal consecra- tion at Mainz, 16 February, 1749, with the title of Bishop of Myriophytos (Greece) in parlibus infi- delium. To these already absorbing duties he added those of vice-chancellor of the university. In 1763 he published his famous work " Justini Febronii juris- consult! de statu Ecclesise et legitima potestate Ro- mani pontificis liber singularis", which aroused so much controversy (see Febronianism).

In 1778 he asked and receiv'ed the nomination of a second auxiliary bishop, and in the next year, on 21 April, resigned his duties as dean of the collegiate church of St-Simeon. It was not until two years be- fore he died that he renounced with complete sin- cerity his erroneous doctrines. He was a man of short stature, energetic, hard-working, pious, and gen- erous. His great fault was to have upheld and propa- gated Galilean doctrines in Germany. Apart from several juridical dissertations and lectures — e. g., "De jurisprudentia naturali et summo imperio" (1724); "Normae studiorum pro universitate Trevi- rensi et gymnasio Confluentino " (1751); " Argumenta psalmorum et canticorum" (1759) — his principal works are " Historia Trevirensis diplomatica et prag- matica" (3 vols., Augsburg, 1750); " Prodromus his- toric Trevirensis" (2 vols., Augsburg, 1757), and his works on the constitution of the Church: " De statu ecclesife ", mentioned above, and its successive editions (1763-70) and supplements (II, III, IV, the last in 2 parts, 1770-74) ; " Justinus Febronius abbreviatus et emendatus " (Cologne and Frankfort, 1777); "Jus- tini Febronii commentarius in suam re tract ionem" (Frankfort, 1781). The city of Trier possesses an unedited work by him, viz. the "Historiae scriptorum et monumentorum Treviren. amplissima coUectio".

Mejer, Ff6ro7ijws (2ndecl.,T(ibmgen, 1.SS.5); Krausui .-t/Zyc^n. deutsche Biog., XIII. S3 sq.; Schulte, Gcsrh. der Qudlcri und Litteratur des canonischen liechts. III (Stuttgart, 1S75-S0), pt. i, 193 sq.; Bruck in Kirchenlex., s. v. See also bibliography under Febronianism.

A. Van Hove.

Hood, a flexible, conical, brimless head-dress, cover- ing the entire head, except the face. It is either a separate garment or part of a cloak. In the first case it generally ends below in a sort of cape, sometimes open in front, and sometimes closed so that the only opening is that for the face. Among the Romans, the hood (cuctillus, a word of Celtic origin) was worn as a separate garment especially by drivers, herdsmen, and labourers; and by all classes as part of the lacerna, the birrus, and particularly the pcenula, varieties of cloaks. The hood in both forms was very common in the Middle Ages, especially in France, Germany, and England, being worn by clerics and lajTnen, men and women, high and low. It was the ordinary head- dress of monks and mendicant friars and was pre- scribed as part of the religious habit. In the thir- teenth and fourteenth centuries the hood usually ended in a long peak [liripippium) which extended down the back, and was used occasionally as a neck- cloth. Towards the close of the Middle kges. the hood, though not universally abandoned, was superseded by the hat, among both clerics and lajTnen; it was re- tained especially by the old Orders. In fact the Ca- puchins receive their name from their hood (capuce), which differs in form from that of the other Francis- cans. From the hood was developed the coif or cap formerly worn by women. A form of head-dress de- rived from the hood was the almutia {abnutium, armidia), used by members of the chapter in choir as early as the beginning of the thirteenth century. It was notable as a rule for its large-sized cape and two horn-hke puffs resting on the temples, but without the liripippium. It was made preferably of fur, or at

least lined with fur, and the lower part was adorned with fur tassels. It was never a liturgical garment, but only part of the choir-dress, and a distinguishing mark of the canons. As a head-covering it gradually lost its significance when the biretta was adopted for the choir. As early as the sixteenth centiu-y the almutia was often carried on the arm. To-day it is used only in a few places (^\rras, Amiens, Chartres, Lucerne, etc.).

Similar in form to the almutia is the mozzetta, a cape pro\'ided with a small hood. Though it prop- erly belongs to the pope, cardinals, and bishops, its use is also granted to other prelates and to members of distinguished chapters. The pope's mozzetta is red; that of the cardinals red, rose-coloured, or violet; all others are violet, unless the prelate belongs to a reli- gious order, in which case the colour of the mozzetta and of the religious habit is the same. It is open in front, but provided with buttons, and during Divine services is worn over the rochet. Bishops wear it within their dioceses, both inside and outside the church. Members of chapters do not wear it outside the church unless the chapter appears corporaliler. The mozzetta cannot be traced back farther than the fifteenth century. It is regarded either as a shortened cappa, or is derived, perhaps, and more correctly, from the alnuitia.

Pault-Wi.ssowa, Realencyc, IV (2nd ed. Stuttgart, 1901), s. V. Curullus: VioLLET-LE-Duc, Dict. raisoniid du mobilier Fran- pais. III (Paris, 1S72). s. w. aumusse and chaperon; Braun, Die liturgische Gewandung (Freiburg, 1907), 355 sqq.

Jos. Braun.

Hoogstraten (also Hochstraten), Jacob van, theologian and controversialist, b. about 1 40, in Hoog- straeten, Belgium; d. in Cologne, 24 January, 1.527. He studied the cla.ssics and theology with the Domini- cans at Louvain, and in 1485 was among the first in the history of that institution to receive the degree of Master of Arts. He there entered the order, and after his ordination to the priesthood in 1496, he matricu- lated in the University of Cologne to cont inue his theo- logical studies. The general chapter held in 1498 at Ferrara appointed him professor of theolog_v in the Dominican college of Cologne. In 1500 he was elected prior of the convent in Antwerp, and on the expira- tion of his term of office returned to Cologne, where, in February, 1504, he received the degree of Doctor of Theology. At the general chapter of Pavia in 1507 he was made regent of studies, and thereby became pro- fessor of theology' in the university. His vast theo- logical attainments and his natural ability to impart knowledge made him an exceptionally successful teacher.

Hoogstraten began his controversial career by pub- lishing in defence of the mendicant orders, who had been accused of abusing their privileges, his "Defen- sorium fratrum mendicantium contra curatos illos qui privilegia fratrum injuste impugnat" (Cologne, 1507). In the following year he published several works against the eminent Italian jurist, Pietro Tomasi of Ravenna, who was then lecturing in the German uni- versities. During his controversy with the Itahan jurist he was elected prior of the convent of Cologne, and thus became inquisitor general of the archbishop- rics of Cologne, Mainz, and Trier. He played his principal role, however, in the controversy with Johann Reuchlin (q. v.) on the confiscation of Jewish books, in the course of which Reuchlin's opponents were satir- ized in the famous "Epistolse obscurorum virorum. " While he took no active part in the earlier stages of the controversy, his sympathies, nevertheless, as is evi- denced by his relations with the converted Jew, Pfef- ferkorn. were with Reuchlin's opponents. Influenced no doubt, to some extent by the unfavourable attitude of the universities towards the Jewish books, Hoog- straten on September 15, 1513, in his capacity as in- quisitor, summoned Reuchlin to appear within six