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but that the thought of the writer was orthodox (true enough ; but, in a definition of faith, surely the words are of primary importance) ; the council judged Honorius by his words, and condemned him simply as a Mono- thelite; Leo II accepted and confirmed the condemna- tion by the council, but, in doing so, he carefully defined in what sense the condemnation was to be understood. These views of Hefele's, which he put forth with edifying modesty and submission as the best explanation he could give of what had previ- ously seemed to him a formidable difficulty, have had a surprisingly wide influence, and have been adopted by many Catholic writers, save only his mis- taken notion that a letter like that of Honorius can be supposed to fulfil the conditions laid down by the Vat- ican Council for an ex cathedra judgment (so Jung- mann and many controversialists).

Chahacter and Work op Honorius. — Pope Hon- orius was much respected and died with an untar- nished reputation. Few popes did more for the res- toration and beautifying of the churches of Rome, and he has left us his portrait in the apsidal mosaic of Sant Agnese fuori le mura. He cared also for the temporal needs of the Romans by repairing the aque- duct of Trajan. His extant letters show him engaged in much business. He supported the Lombard King Adalwald, who had been set aside as mad by an Arian rival. He succeeded, to some extent, with the emperor's assistance, in reuniting the schismatic metropolitan See of Aquileia to the Roman Church. He wrote to stir up the zeal of the bishops of Spain, and St. Braulio of Saragossa replied. His connexion ■niththe British Isles is of interest. He sent St. Birinus to convert the West Saxons. In 634 he gave the pallium to St. Paulinus of York, as well as to Honorius of Canterbury, and he wrote a letter to ICing Edwin of Northumbria, which Bede has preserved. In 630 he urged the Irish bish- ops to keep Easter with the rest of Christendom, in consequence of which the Council of Magh Lene (Old Leighlin) was held; the Irish testified to their tradi- tional devotion to the See of Peter, and sent a deputa- tion to Rome " as children to their mother". On the return of these envoys, all Southern Ireland adopted the Roman use (633).

PiGHius, Diairiba de Aclihus VI et VII Cone.; Baronius, Ann. Eccl., ad ann. 626 and 6S1, with Pagi's notes on 681; Bellarmine, De Horn. Pont., iv, 11; Tuomassinus, Dissert, in Concilia, XX: Garnier, lutrod. to Liber Diurnus (P. L., CV); P. Ballerlni. De in ac ralione primatus; Damberger, Si/n- chronistische Geschichte der Kirche (15 vols., Ratisbon, 1S50-63), II: BoTTEMANNE, De llonorii paptp epistoUirum corruptione (The Hague, 1S70): Dollinger, Papslfabeln des Mittclaltcrs (1863): WcHNEEMAXN, Stiidien itber die Honoriunfrage (Frei- burg im Br., IS64): Hefele, Catisa Honorii paptr (Naples, 1870), a treatise presented to the Vatican Council: Idem, Honorius und das sechste allgemeine Concil (Tubingen, 1870): Idem, Concilicngeschichte, III and IV (written about 1S60, altered' in 2nd ed., 1S73: tr. Edinburgh, 1896): Le Page Renouf, The Condemnation of Pope Honorius (London, 1868), against the deiinition: Bottalla, Pope Honorius before the tribune of^ reason and history (London. 186S): Idem in Dublin lieview, XlX-XX (1872); Pennacchi, De Honorii Romani Pontificis causd (Ratisbon and Rome, 1S70): Gratrt, Leltres (ParLs, 1870); Willis, Pope Honorius and the Roman Dogma (London, 1879), the principal Protestant attack in English: JuNGMANN, Dissertationes sclectfE in Historiam eccl., II (Ratis- bon and New York. 1S81); Barmby in Diet. Christ. Biog., s. v.: Grisar in Kirchenlex., s. v.; Chapman, The Condemnation of Pope Honorius, reprinted from Dublin Rev., CXXXIX-XL, 1906 (London, 1907); Hergenrother, Handbuch der allgem. Kirchengesch., I. gives a good summar>' of opinions. Minor works are enumerated in Chevalier, Bio-bibl., s. v. Honorius. — On the general history of Pope Honorius, see the Liber Pontifi- calis, ed. Duchesne; and Mann, The Lives of the Popes, I (1902), pt. I.

John Cuapmjls.

Honorius II (L.vmberto Scannabecchi), Pope, b. of humble parents at Fagnano near Imola at an un- known date; d. at Rome, 14 February, 1130. For a time he was Archdeacon of Bologna. On accoimt of his great learning he was called to Rome by Paschal II, became canon at the Lateran, then Cardinal- Priest of Santa Prassede, and, in 1117, Cardinal- Bishop of Ostia and Velletri. He was one of the

cardinals who accompanied Gelasius II into exile. In 1119 Callistus II sent him as legate to Henry V, German Emperor, with powers to come to an under- standing concerning the right of investiture. In Octo- ber of the same year he was present at the Synod of Reims where the emperor was solemnly excommuni- cated by Callistus II. A great part of the following three years he spent in Germany, endeavouring to bring about a reconciliation between the pope and the emperor. It was cliiefly through his efforts that the (.'oncordat of Worms, the so-called "Pactum Calix- tinum" was effected on 23 September, 1123. In this concordat the empcor renounced all claims to in- vestiture with staff and ring, and promised liberty of ecclesiastical elections. When the concordat was signed by the emperor, the cardinal sang a solemn high Mass under the open sky near Worms. After the Agnus Dei he kissed the emperor, who then re- ceived Holy Communion from the hands of the car- dinal and was in this manner restored to communion with the Church. Callistus II died on 13 December, 1124, and two days later the Cardinal of Ostia was elected pope, taking the name of Honorius II.

Party spirit between the Frangipani and the Leoni was at its highest during this election and there was great danger of a schism. The cardinals had already elected Cardinal Teobaldo Boccadipecora who had taken the name of Celestine II. He was clothed in the scarlet mantle of the pope, while the Te Deum was chanted in thanksgiving, when the proud and power- ful Roberto Frangipani suddenly appeareil on the .scene, expressed his dissatisfaction with the election of Teobaldo and proclaimed the Cardinal of Ostia as pope. The intimidated cardinals reluctantly yielded to his demand. To prevent a schism Teobaldo re- signed liis right to the tiara. The Cardinal of Ostia however doubted the legality of his election under such circumstances and five days later informed the cardinals that he wished to resign. Only after all the cardinals acknowledged him as the legitimate pope could he be prevailed upon to retain the tiara. Soon after Honorius II became pope, Henry V, the German Emperor, died (23 May, 112.5) The pope at once. sent to Germany two legates who, in conjunction with Archbishop .\dalbert of Mainz, endeavoured to bring about the election of a king who would not encroach upon the rights of the Church. The subsequent election of Lotliair, Count of Supplinburg, was a com- plete triumph for the Church. The new king acknowl- edged the supremacy of the pope even in temporal affairs, and soon after his election asked for the papal approbation, which was willingly granted. Concern- ing investiture he made concessions to the Church even beyond the Concordat of Worms. When Con- rad of Hohenstaufen rose up in opposition to Lothair and was crowned King of Italy at Monza, by Arch- bishop .\nselm of Milan, Honorius II excommunicated the archbishop as well as Conrad and his adherents, thus completely frustrating Conrad's unlawful aspira- tions.

Henry I, King of England, had for many years encroached on the rights of the Church in England and would not allow a papal legate to enter his terri- tory on the plea that England had a permanent papal legate (letiatus natu.^) in the person of the Archbishop of Canterbury. Callistus II had already experienced difficulties in that fine. In 112.5 Honorius II sent Cardinal John of Crema as legate to England, but the legate was detained a long time in Normandy by order of Henry I. He was finally permitted to proceed to England. He went thence to Scotland and met King David at Roxburgh, where he held a synod of Scottish bishops to inqtiire into the contro- versy between them and the Archbishop of York, who claimed to have metropolitan jurisdiction over them. On 8 September he convened a synod at Westminster at which the celibacy of the clergy was enforced and