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GRENOBLE

noble that J.-B. Vianney, the future Cur6 of Ars, was ordained a priest, 13 August, 1815. The Bishopric of Grenoble is in possession of an almost complete ac- count of the pastoral visits made between 1339 and 1370, a paljeographical record perhaps unique of its kind in France.

Archbishopric of Vienne. — The legend according to which Crescens, the first Bishop of Vienne, is identical with the Crescens of II Tim., iv, 20, certainly postdates the letter of Pope Zosimus to the Church of .\rles (417) and the letter of the bishops of Gaul in 451 ; because, although both these documents allude to the claims to glory which Aries owes to St. Trophimus, neither of them mentions Crescens. Archbishop Ado, of Vienne, (860-75), set afoot this legend of the Apostolic origin of the See of Vienne and put down St. Zachary, St. Martin, and St. Verus, later successors of Crescens, as belonging to the Apostolic period. This legend was confirmed by the " Recueil des privileges de I'Eglise de Vienne", which, however, was not compiled under the supervision of the future Pope Callistus II, as M. Gundlach has maintained, but at a little earlier date, about 1060, as Mgr. Duchesne has proved. This col- lection contains the pretended letters of a series of popes, from Pius I to Paschal II, and sustains the claims of the Church of Vienne. " Le Livre Episcopal de I'archeveque L(?ger'' (1030-1070) included both the inventions of Ado and the forged letters of the "Recueil".

It is historically certain that Verus, present at the Council of Aries in 314, was the fourth Bishop of Vienne. In the beginning the twelve cities of the two Viennese provinces were under the jurisdiction of the Archbishop of Vienne, but when Aries was made an archbishopric, at the end of the fourth century, the See of Vienne grew less important. The disputes that later arose between it antl the See of Aries concerning their respective antiquity are well-known in ecclesias- tical history. In 450 Leo I gave the ArchbLshop of Vienne the right to ordain the Bishops of Tarantaise, Valence, Geneva, and Grenoble. Many vicissitudes followed, and the territorial limit of the powers of the Metropolitan of Vienne followed the wavering frontier of the Kingdom of Burgundy and, in 779, was con- siderably restricted by the organization of a new ecclesiastical province comprising Tarantaise, Aosta, and Sion. In 1120 Callistus II, who was Bishop of Vienne under the name of Guy of Burgundy, decided that the Archbishop of Vienne should have for suf- fragans the Bishops of Grenoble, Valence, Die, Viviers, Geneva, and Maurienne ; that the Archbishop of Tar- antaise should obey him, notwithstanding the fact that this archbishop himself had suffragans, that he should exercise the primacy over the provinces of Bourges, Narbonne, Bordeaux, Aix, Audi, and Em- brun, and that, as the metropolitans of both provinces already bore tlie title of prmiate, the Archbishop of Vienne should be known as the " Primate of Pri- mates". In 1023 the Archbishops of Vienne became lords paramount. They had the title of Count, and when in 1033 the Kingdom of Aries was reunited to the empire, they retained their independence and obtained from the empire the title of Archchancellors of the Kingdom of Aries (1157). Besides the four Bishops of Vienne heretofore mentioned, others are honoured as saints. In enumerating them we shall follow M. Duchesne's chronology: St. Justus, St. Dionysius, St. Paracodes, St. Florentius (about 374), St. Lupicinus, St. Simplicius (about 400), St. Paschasius, St. Nectar- ius, St. Nicetas (about 449), St. Mamertus (d. 475 or 476), who instituted the rogation days, whose brother Claudianus Mamertus was known as a theologian and poet, and during whose episcopate St. Leonianus held for forty years the po.st of grand penitentiary at Vienne; St. Avitus (494-5 Feb., 518), St. Julianus (about 520-533), St. Pantagathus (about 538), St. Namatius (d. 559), St. Evantms (d. 584-6), St. Verus

(586), St. Desiderius (Didier) 596-611, St. Domnolua (about 614), St. jEtherius, St. Hecdicus, St.Chaoaldus (about 654-64), St. Bobolinus, St. Georgius, St. Deo- datus, St. Blidrannus (about 680), St. Eoldus, St. Eobolinus, St. Barnardus (810—41), noted for his con- spiracies in favour of the sons of Louis the Pious, St. Ado (860-875), author of a universal history and two martyrologies, St. Thibaud (end of the tenth century). Among its later bishops were Guy of Burgundy (1084- 1119), who became pope under the title of Callistus II, ChrLstophe de Beaumont, who occupied the See of Vienne for seven months of the year 1745 and after- wards became Archbishop of Paris, Jean Georges Le Franc de Pompignan (1774-90), brother of the poet and a great enemy of the "philosophers", and also d'Aviau (1790-1801), illustrious because of his strong opposition to the civil constitution of the clergy and the first of the emigre bishops to re-enter France (May, 1797), returning under an assumed name and at the peril of his life.

Michael Servetus was living in Vienne, whither he had been attracted by Archbishop Palmier, when Cal- vin denounced him to the Inquisition for his books. During the proceeflings ordered by the ecclesiasti- cal authority of Vienne, Servetus fled to Switzerland (1553). In 1605 the Jesuits founded a college at Vienne, and here Massillon taught at the close of the seventeenth century. The churches of Saint-Pierre and Saint-Andre le Haut are ancient Benetlietine foundations. (For the celebrated council held at Vienne in 1311 see Te.mplars and Vienne, Council

OF.)

After the Concordat of 1801 the title of Vienne passed to the See of Lyons, whose titular was hence- forth called "Archbishop of Lyons and Vienne," al- though Vienne belongs to the Diocese of Grenoble.

The principal places of pilgrimage in the present Diocese of Grenoble are: Notre-Dame de Parmenie, near Rives, re-established in the seventeenth century at the instance of a shepherdess; Notre-Dame de rosier, at Vinay, which dates from 1649, and Notre- Dame de la Salette, which owes its origin to the ap- parition of the Virgin, 19 September, 1846, to Maximin (iiraud and M^lanie Mathieu, the devotion to Notre Dame de la Salette being authorized by Bishop Bruillard, 1 May, 1852.

Before the enforcement of the law of 1901 there were in the Diocese of Grenoble Assumptionists, Oliv^tans, Capuchins, Regular Canons of the Immaculate Con- ception, Oblates of Mary Immaculate, Fathers of the Holy Ghost and of the Holy Heart of Mary, Brothers of the Cross of Jesus, Brothers of the Holy Family, Brothers of the Christian Schools and Brothers of the Sacred Heart. The diocesan congregations of women were: the Sisters of Our Lady of the Holy Rosary, devoted to hospital work and teaching, and founded by Cathiard, who, after having been an officer under Napoleon, died Archpriest of Pont de Beauvoisin; the Sisters of Providence, founded in 1841, devoted to hospital duty and teaching (mother-hovise at St. Mar- cellm), and the Sisters of Our Lady of the Cross, like- wise devoted to hospital and educational work, founded in 1832 (mother-house at Murinais). Prior to the congregations law of 1901, the following institu- tions in the Diocese of Grenoble were in charge of religious orders: 65 infant schools, 1 asylum for in- curable children, 2 asylums for deaf-mutes, 4 boys' orphanages, 8 girls' orphanages, 7 free industrial schools (ouvroirs), 2 houses of shelter, 33 hospitals, hospices, or private hospitals, 1 dispensary, and 18 houses for religious nur.ses caring for the sick in their homes. In 1905, when the Concordat ceased, the Dio- cese of Grenoble had a population of 601,940 souls, with 51 parishes, 530 succursales, and 87 curacies subventioned by the State.

Gallin Christiana (Nova) (1866'), XVI, 1-146; 217-264, in- strumenta, 1-172; Phudhomme, Histoire de Grenoble (Grenoble,