Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 7.djvu/509

 HONORARIUM

451

HONORATUS

thus (22 Nov., 1874), who died at Mission House, Glenealy, Hong-Kong, 27 Sept., 1894. He was suc- ceeded by Monsignor Luigi Piazzoli (b. 1849), titular Bishop of Clazomenae, and Domenico Pozzoni (b. 1851), titular Bishop of Tavia, elected 26 May, 1905. This vicariate belongs to the fifth ecclesiastical region of China; it includes 12 European and 10 native priests anid 14,195 Christians; there are 26 churches, 5 of them with resident priests; 40 schools for boys and 29 schools for girls; 12 Brothers of the Christian Schools; 35 Si-sters of Canossa; 22 Sisters of St. Paul of Chartres; 54 native Sisters.

Besides the island of Hong-Kong, the vicariate in- cludes the island of Lautau and adjacent islands and the three continental districts of Sa-non, Kwei-shing, and Hai-fung. The churches with resident priests are the cathedral (Glenealy), St. Joseph's (Garden Road), St. Francis (Wanchai), Church of the Sacred Heart (We.st Point), Church of St. Anthony (West Point). The Soci^t^ des Missions Etrangeres de Paris have a procurator, a sanitorium and a printing office at Hong-Kong (see China); there is also a Dominican procurator.

Henri Cordier.

Honorarium. See Mass; Offerings; Sacra- ments; Stipend.

Honoratus, Saint, Archbishop of Aries; b. about 350; d. 6 (or, according to certain authors, 14 or 15) January, 429. There is some disagreement concern- ing his place of birth, and, as already seen, the date of his death is also contested. It is believed that he was born in the north of Gaul and that he belonged to an illustrious pagan family. Converted to Chris- tianity with his brother Venantius, he embarked with him from Marseilles about 368, under the guidance of a holy person named Caprasius, to visit the holy places of Palestine and the laune of Syria and Egypt. But the death of Venantius, occurring suddenly at Methone, Achaia, prevented the pious travellers from going farther. They returned to Gaul through Italy, and, after having stopped at Rome, Honoratus went on into Provence and, encouraged by Leontius, Bishop of Fr6jus, took up his aljotle in the wild island of L6- rins with the intention of living there in solitude. Numerous disciples soon gathered around him and thus was founded the monastery, which has enjoyed so great a celebrity and which was during the fifth and sixth centuries a nursery for illustrious bishops and remarkable ecclesiastical writers. Honoratus's reputa- tion for sanctity throughout the south-eastern portion of Gaul was such that in 426 after the as.sassina- tion of Patroclus, Archbishop of Aries, he was sum- moned from his solitude to succeed to the government of the diocese, which the Arian and Manichiean here- sies had greatly disturl^ed. He appears to have suc- ceeded in re-establishing order and orthodoxy, while still continuing to direct from afar tlie monks of L^rins. However, the acts of his brief pontificate are not known. He died in the arms of Hilary, one of his disciples and probably a relative, who was to succeed him in the See of Aries. His various writings have not been preserved, nor has the rule which he gave to the solitaries of L^rins. Cassian, who had visited his monastery, dedicated to him several of his "Conferences".

PiERRUGuES, Vie de S. Honorat, fondateur de Lcrins et evt^que d'Arles (Grasse, 1874); Galbert, Saint Honorat et son ynonas- tirre in Bullet, de I'Acad. delphin.. Doc. X (Grenoble. 1896-97). 97-110: .\lbanes and Chevalier, Gallia Christ, noviss. (Aries. 1900), 2.5-29.

Leon Clugnet.

Honoratus a Sancta Maria, Discalced Carmelite; b. at Limoges, 4 July, 1651 ; d. at Lille, 1729. Blaise Vauxelles took his vows under the above name at Tou- louse, 8 March, 1671. On completing his course of studies he determined to devote himself to the mission-

ary life, and was accordingly sent to Malta to prepare for the East. But the superiors detained him there in the quality of sub-prior, and at the expiration of his term of office he returned to France without having been to the missions. He successively filled the posts of professor of philosophy and theology, prior, pro- vincial, and visitor general. The interest of his life centres in his polemical writings. In his position as professor and superior he had to deal with the burning questions of his time. Quietism, Jansenism, Gallican- ism, with Cartesianism in philosophy, and Rationalism in Scripture and history. Endowed with uncommon acumen and a facultj' for painstaking research, he contributed much to the elucidation of abstruse ques- tions on every one of these subjects, while the modesty of his diction and the moderation of his attack won him the esteem of his adversaries. It must, however, be acknowledged that the range of subject-matter was too wide for one man, with the result that, already during his life, he was accused of not always applying the rules of criticism he himself had established. His works may be divided into various classes, (a) Phi- losophical: " Disputationes philosophicse" (Clermont, 1686) against Descartes and Gassendi. (b) Theologi- cal: " Propo.sitiones theologicie" (Perpignan, 1689), being an exposition of the Apostles' Creed from the dogmatic, scholastic, and historical point of view; " Dissertations on Grace and Predestination", unpub- lished; "A Treatise on Indulgences and the Jubilee" (Bordeaux, 1701), reprinted at Clermont and in Bel- gium in preparation for the Jubilee of 1725: — ''Disser- tation apologetique" (Bordeaux, 1701), in defence of the "Examen de la th6ologie mystique" of Jean Ch^ ron, Calced Carmelite (1596-1673), which had been sharply attacked by a Franciscan; "On Contempla- tion" (Paris, 1708) from the dogmatic and practical point .of view, giving a complete chain of utterances of the Fathers and ecclesiastical writers, in two vol- umes. This work was translated into Italian and Spanish; a continuation of it appeared in 1713 under the title " The Motives and Practice of Divine Love"; in " .\ Problem addressed to the Learned " (Paris, 170S) Honoratus examines the claims of Denis the Are- opagite to the authorship of the works commonly at- tributed to him, pronoimcing himself in the negative sense, (c) Polemical: His contributions to the Jan- senistio controversy show him an uncompromising adversary of the sect; fovir volumes in defence of the Constitution "Unigenitus" (anonymous); the first two appeared in 1710, the others in 1722 ; Notes on the writings of Jansenius, Saint-Cyran, Arnauld, Quesnel, Petitpied and others (Ypres, 1724) ; "Reply to the 'Examen theologique' by a Jansenist" (anonymous, 1723) ; " Defence of the Encyclical of Benedict XIII of 1 Oct., 1724, on the teaching of Saints Augustine and Thomas (Brussels, 1725) ; two letters, one to show that a certain miracle said to have happened at the Corpus Christ! proce.s,sion in Paris (31 May, 1725) had not been wrought in favour of those who refused to sign the Bull "Unigenitus"; the other addressed to a certain abb(5 on the necessity of subscribing to the said Bull; a collection of dissertations on the same Constitution (Brussels, 1727). (d) Historical and critical. — "Theo- logiae positiones" (Toulouse, 1706), containing the solution of chronological and other difficulties to be met with in Holy Scripture, a prelude to the author's great work on criticism (below) ; " Historical and critical dissertations on the orders of knighthood" (Paris, 1718, also in Italian, Brescia, 1761); the "Life of St. John of the Cross" (Tournai, 1727), written on the occasion of the canonization of the saint; a critical edition of a manuscript of Flodoardus, with notes and dissertations, which, however, the author did not live to carry through the press; "Re- flexions sur les regies et I'usage de la critique", three volumes (Paris, 1712, 1717, and Lyons, 1720). This work has been several times reprinted, appeared also