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 GREMIALE

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GRENOBLE

visable under existing circumstances. However, he accepted loyally the decision of the Council, and used all his influence to induce DoUinger to do the same. Greith was a strong champion of ecclesiastical inter- ests and continually defended the Church against the encroachments of the civil power. He could not pre- vent the suppression of his seminary for boys nor hin- der the civil prohibition of missions and retreats; nevertheless he renewed the religious life of his diocese and called into being an educatetl clergy. He devoted himself with zeal to the study of history and corres- ponded with numerous scholars, among others Lass- berg, Pertz, Bohmer, Franz Pfeiiffer, Schlosser, Mone, Gall Morel, and others. His numerous ecclesiastico- political writings were only of transient importance, though they bear witness to his thoroughly Catholic sentiments. As an orator he was not infrequently called the Bossuet of Switzerland. In hLs sermons and pastoral letters he laid great stress on the greatness and majesty of God as exhibited in the Redemption and in the founding and continuous activity of the Catholic Church. He published: " Katholische Apolo- getik in Kanzelreden" in three volumes (Sehaffhausen, 1847-52); he also wrote, in collaboration with the Benedictine Georg Ulber, "Handbuch der Philosophie ftir die Sehule und das Leben" (Freiburg, 1853-57). Greith had no sympathy with Scholastic philosophy and esteemed too highly Descartes and Leibnitz. His best and most lasting work was done Ln history. Among his historical pul)lications were: "Spicilegium Vaticanum, Beitriige zur naheren Kenntniss der vati- kanischen Bibliothek fiir deutsche Poesie des Mittelal- ters" (Frauenfeld, 1838) ; " Die deutsche Mystik im Predigerorden" (Freiburg, 1861); "Derheilige Gallus (St. Gall, 1864); "Die heiligen Glaubensboten Colum- ban und Gall (St. Gall, 1685) ; " Geschichte der altiris- chen Kirche und ihrer Vcrbindung mit Rom, Gallien und .Alemannien, 430-630 (Freiburg, 1867). This la.st work is hLs chief literary monument and still retains its value as an exhaustive study of the foreign relations of the early Irish Church, especially its relations with Rome and its missionary work.

Baumgartner, Erinnerunpen an Karl Johann Greith in Stimmen aus Maria-Laach, XXIV, XXVI; Rothenflue in Hi.'itorii^ch-poUtische Blatter, XC, gives a bibliography of Greith's occasional addresses, sermons, Lenten and pastoral letters.

Patricius Schlager.

Gremiale, a square or oblong cloth which the bishop, according to the " CEerimoniale " and " Pontif- icale ", should wear over his lap, when seated on the throne during the singing of the KjTie, Gloria,andOedo by the choir, during the distribution of blessed candles, palms or ashes, and also diu-ing the anointments in connexion with Holy orders. The gremiale is never u.sed during pontifical Vespers. The primary object of the gremiale is to prevent the soiling of the other vest- ments, especially the chasuble. The gremiale used during the pontifical Ma.ss is made of silk. It should be decorated by a cross in the centre, and trimmed with silk embroidery. Its colour mu.st correspond with the colour of the chasuble. The gremiales used at other ftmctions are made of linen, to facilitate their cleansing in case they be soiled. Little is known of its history; apparently its origin dates back to the later Middle Ages. The Roman Ordo of Gaetano Stefa- neschi (c. 1311) mention it first (n. 48); soon after it is mentioned in the statutes of Grandison of Exeter (England) as early as 13.39. In earlier times it was used not only by bishops but also by priests. It is not blessed and has no symbolical meaning.

Barbier de Montault, TraitA pratique de la construction . . . des eglises. II (Paris. 1878), app.; de Herdt. Praxis ponli- ficaiis, I (Louvain. 187.3) ; Bock, Geschichte der liturgischen Gewander, III (Bonn, 1871).

Joseph Braun.

Grenoble, (1) Diocese of (Gratianopolitana), now comprises the Department of Isere and the Canton

of Villeurbanne (Rhone). The ancient diocese was a suffragan of Vienne and included the Deanery of Savoy, which, in 1779, was made a bishopric with the see at Chamb^ry. By the Concordat, the Bishop of Grenoble was made a suffragan of the Archbishop of Lyons, thirteen archipresbyterates of the former Dio- cese of Vienne were affiliated to the Diocese of Gre- noble, and there were annexed to it some parishes in the Dioceses of Belley, Gap, Lyons, and Die.

Domninus, the first Bishop of firenoble known to history, attended the Council of Aquileia in 381. Among his successors are mentioned: St. Ceratus (441-52), celebrated in legend for his controversies against Arianism ; St.Ferjus (Ferreolus) (at the end of the seventh century), who, according to tradition, was killed by a pagan while preaching; St. Hugh (1080- 1132), noted for his zeal in carrying out Gregory VII's orders concerning reform and for his opposition to Guy of Burgundy, Bishop of Vienne, and subsequently pope under the title of Callistus II; Pierre .Scarron (1021-1667), who, with the co-operation of many reli- gious orders, restored Catholicism in Dauphine; Cardi- nal Le Camus (1671-1 707), organizer of ch aritable loan associations; JeandeCaulet (1726-1771), who brought about general acceptance of the Bull " Unigenitus", whose collection of books was the nucleus of the public library of the city, and during whose episcopate Bri- daine, the preacher, after delivering a sermon on alms- giving went through the streets of the city with wagons and was tuiable to gather all the donations of linen, furniture, and clothing that were offered. The Benedictines and Augustinians founded at an early date numerous priories in the diocese, that of Vizille dating from 994, but, during St. Hugh's episcopal ad- ministration, monastic life attained a fuller develop- ment. The chapter-abbey of Saint-Martin de Mi.s^r6, whence originated many Augustinian priories, and the school of the priory of Villard Benoit at Pontcharra were important during the twelfth and thirteenth cen- turies. But the peculiar monastic foundation of Dauphine, contemporaneous with St. Hugh's regime, was that of the Carthusians under St. Bruno in 1084. The Freres du Saint-Esprit, who during the Middle Ages were scattered broadcast through the Diocese of Grenoble, did much to inculcate among the people habits of mutual assistance The two sojourns made at Grenoble in 1598 and 1600 respectively by Cotton, the Jesuit, later confessor to Henry IV, were prolific of some notable conversions from Protestantism; in memory of this the Constable de Lesdiguieres, him- self a convert in 1622, favoured the founding at Gre- noble of a celebrated Jesuit house. In 1651 a college was established in connexion with this residence, and here Vaucanson, the well-known mechanician, studied. In 1700 the institution included theological courses in its curriculum. From the first half of the thirteenth century the French branch of the ^^'aldenses had its chief seat in Dauphin^, from which country emanated Guillaume Farel, the most captivating preacher of the French Reformation. Pierre de Sebiville, an apostate Franciscan friar, introduced Protestantism into Gre- noble in 1522. The diocese was sorely tried by the wars of religion, especially in 1562, when the cruel Baron des Adrets acted as the Prince de Condi's lieutenant-general in Dauphine. Pius VI, when taken a prisoner to France, spent two days at Grenoble in 1799. Pius VII, in turn, was kept in close confine- ment in the prefecture of Grenoble from 21 July until 2 August, 1808, Bishop Simon not being permitted even to visit him.

The following saints may be mentioned as natives of what constitutes the present Diocese of Grenoble: St. Amatus, the anchorite (sixth century), founder of the Abbey of Remiremont, and St. Peter, Archbishop of Taraiitaise (1102-1174), a CLstercian, born in the an- cient Archdiocese of Vienne. Moreover, it was in the chapel of the superior ecclesiastical seminary of Gre-