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to the east and southeast of the church. So con- vincing is the evidence afforded by these discoveries that such competent authorities as Drs. Schick and Gauthe at once admitted the authenticity of the traditional Tomb. Since then, this view has been generally adopted by close students of the question, (see Jerusalem).

EusEBius, Li/V of Constantine, III, xxv-xxviii: Letter of Con- stantine, ibid., xxx, xxxi, in P, G., XX, 1085-92; Socrates, Hist. Eccl.. in P. G., LXVII, 117-20: SozoMEN, Hist. Eccl., II. 1, 2, in P. G., LXVII, 929-.S.'J: Alexander of Salamina, Adyos

€ts TTjv eijpe(Tiv Tou . . . trravpov, in P. G., LXXXVII, 4045, 4061, 4064; Rufinus, Hist. Bed.. I, vii, viii, in P. L., XXI. 475-477; St. Jerome, Ep. to Paulinus. in P. L., XXII, 580. 581'; Paulinus of Nola, Ep. to Severus, in P. L., LXI, 326— 328; Sulpitius Severus, .Sac. Hist, in P. L., XX, 147, 148; Clarke, Travels in Palestine (London, 1811); Wilson, The Lands of the Bible (London, 1847); Scraff, Through Bible Lands (New York, 1879); De Vogiie, Les cglises de la Terre Sainte (Paris, 1860); Clermont-CIanneau, LWuthenticite du S. Si'p. (Paris, 1877); Mommert, Die heil. Grabeskirehezu Jeru- salem (1898); InEM, Golgotha u. das Heil-Grab (1900). — See also authorities cited under Calvary.

A. L. McMahon.

Holy Sepulchre, Canonesses Regular of the. — Concerning the foundation there is only a tradition connecting it with St. James the Apostle and repre- senting St. Helena as invested with the habit by St. Macarius, Bishop of Jerusalem. The earliest date on record is 1276, the year in which the Saragossa convent was established. The foundation of a house at Charleville in 1622, by Claudia Mouy, widow of the Marquis de Chaligny, was the signal for a great revival in the west, and constitutions, drawn up by a Jesuit Father and approved by Urban VIII, in 1631, bound the canonesses to the recitation of the Divine office, rigorous fasts, the use of the discipline, and a strict interpretation of the rule of poverty; twelve was the number of professed religious assigned as necessary for the canonical election of a prioress. Susan Haw- ley, foundress of the English canonesses (b. at New Brentford, Middlesex, 1622; d. at Liege, 1706), having been professed at Tongres, in 1642, went with four others to Li^ge to establish a community there, and in 1652, there being a sufficient number of professed, was elected prioress, in which capacity she ruled with rare prudence until her resignation in 1697. The school, opened under Mary Christina Dennett, who was prior- ess from 1770 to 17S1, proved so successful that on the outbreak of the Revolution the canonesses had great difficulty in securing permission to leave the city. After three months at Maastricht, they went to Eng- land (.4ugust, 179-1), where they were sheltered by Lord Stourton in Holme Hall (Yorks), moved thence to Dean House (Wilts), and finally took possession of New Hall, near Chelmsford (Essex), rich in historic interest, the property of several sovereigns, and a royal residence under Henry VIII. Here they opened a free school for the poor cliildren of the neighbourhood, and they still conduct a boarding school for young ladies. Communities of canonesses still exist in Bavaria, Belgium, France, and Spain. The habit is black, and the choir sisters wear a white linen surplice, without sleeves, on the left side of which is embroid- ered a double red cross. A black veil is worn by the professed, and a white one by novices and lay sisters.

Heimbucher, Orden und Kongregationen (Paderbom, 1908); Steele, Convents of Great Britain (St. Louis, 1902); Heltot, Diet, des ordres relij. (Paris, 1859); Gillow. Bibl. Diet. Eng. Cath.t s. V. Hawley, Susan.

F. M. RUDGE.

Holy Sepulchre, Fathers (Guardians) of the, the si.x or seven Franciscan Fathers, who with as many lay brothers keep watch over the Holy Sepulchre and the sanctuaries of the basilica. To the right of the Sacred Tomb in the Basilica of the Holy Sepulchre is the chapel of St. Mary Magdalen, which opens into the tenth-century church of the Apparition of Christ to His Blessed Mother, served by the Franciscan Fathers and containing their choir. Just off this

chapel is the small damp monastery which since the tliirteenth century has been the abode of the Fathers of the Holy Sepulchre, the band chosen every three months from the community of St. Saviour, to lead the difficult confined life which, however, always finds eager volunteers. The convent being accessible only from the basilica, which is in charge of Mohammedan guards, the keys which lock the basilica shut the friars off from the outer world, their only means of communication being the aperture in the main portal, through which they receive provisions from St. Saviour's. Emperor Francis Joseph, in 1869, on his way to the opening of the Suez Canal visited the holy places, and besides conferring numerous benefactions on St. Saviour's, induced the Turks to remove the stable which obstructed the light and air of the little monastery of tlie Holy Sepulchre, and to permit the erection of a bell-tower, from which on 25 September, 1875, the bells pealed forth, for the first time in seven hundred years summoning the faithful to worship in the church of the Holy Sepulchre. Every afternoon the Fathers conduct a pilgrimage to the sanctuaries of the basilica, and at midnight, while chanting their Office, they go in procession to the tomb of the Sav- iour, where they intone the Benedictus. The su- periors must be alternately Italian, French, and Spanish. The rest of the comrnunity of St. Sav- iour's, which generally numbers about twenty-five Fathers and fifty-five lay brothers, are engaged in the various activities of the convent, which has within the monastic enclosure, besides the church of St. Saviour (the Latin parish cliurch of Jerusalem), an orphanage, a parish school for boys, a printing office, carpenter's and ironmonger's shops, a mill run by steam, and the largest Hbrary in Palestine.

MEISTER.MAN.V, Xew Guide to the Holy Land (tr. London. 1907); HoLZAMMER in Kirchenlex., s. v. Grab, Das heilige; Heimbucher, Orden und Kongregationen, II (Paderbom, 1907). 247.

F. M. RuDGE.

Holy Sepulchre, Knights of the. — Neither the name of a founder nor a date of foundation can be assigned to the so-called Order of the Holy Sepulchre if we reject the legendary traditions which trace its origin back to the time of Godfrey of Bouillon, or Charlemagne, or indeed even to the days of St. James the Apostle, first Bishop of Jerusalem. It is in reaUty a secular confraternity which gradually grew up around the most august of the Holy Places. It was for the deliverance of the Holy Sepulchre that the crusades were organized; it was for its defence that military orders were instituted. During the Middle Ages this memorable relic of Chirst's life on earth was looked upon as the mystical sovereign of the new Latin state. Godfrey of Bouillon desired no other title than that of Defender of the Holy Sepulchre, and different Latin princes, Bohemond of Antioch, and Tancred, acknowledged themselves its vassals. It was natural that the Holy Sepulchre also had its special knights. In the broad acceptation of the word, every crusader who had taken the sword in its de- fence might assume the title from the very moment of being duljljed a knight. Those who were not knighted had the ambition of being decorated knights, preferably in this sanctuary, and of being thus en- abled to style themselves Knights of the Holy Sepul- chre par excellence. The fall of the Kingdom of Jeru- salem did not suspend pilgrimages to the Tomb of Christ, or the custom of receiving knighthood there, and, when the custody of the Holy Land was en- trusted to the Franciscans, they continued this pious custom and gave the order its first grand masters.

The official arrival of the Friars Minor in Syria dates from the Bull addressed by Pope Gregory IX to the clergy of Palestine in 12.30, charging them to welcome the Friars Minor, and to allow them to preach to the faithful and hold oratories and ceme-