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HOLY

ing reverence for the Name of Jesus Christ, and ab- horrence of blaspnemy, profanity, and immorahty. They are recjuired to receive Holy Communion in a boily at least once every three months; in most places the rule prescribes Communion on the second Sunday of every month, when they may gain plenary and partial indulgences granted by Gregory XIII. A complete list of intlulgences, all of which may be applied to the souls in purgatory, is contained in the "Pocket Manual of the Holy Name Society" (new edition. New York, 1909), by the Dominican, Father McKenna, who for many years has been recognized as the apostle of the Holy Name in the United States. In 1907 the monthly publication of " The Holy Name Jour- nal" (New York) was begun by the Dominican Fathers. Bullarium Romanum; Bidlarium Orditiis Prcedicalorum; FoNTANA. Consliluliones Ord. Prad. (Rome, 1S62. 1SS6): Drane. The Spirit of the Order of St. Dominic (London, 1S06); Annre Dominicaine (..iannary, 1883); Analecta Ord. Pr(sd. (Sppt., 1896): LitlcrcE Encyclicm Mag. Ord. Prad. (Rcichert, I'.IOO); Annital Reports of Archdiocesan Union, Holy Xnme Society of New York.

Clement M. Thuente.

Holy Name of Jesus. — We give honour to the Name of Jesus, not because we believe that there is any intrinsic power hidden in the letters composing it, but because the Name of Jesus reminds us of all the blessings we receive through our Holy Redeemer. To give thanks for these blessings we revere the Holy Name, as we honour the Passion of Christ by honour- ing His Cross (Colvenerius, " De festo SS. Nominis", ix). At the Holy Name of Jesus we uncover our heads, and we bend our knees; it is at the head of all our undertakings, as the Emperor Justinian says in his law-book: " In the Name of Our Lord Jesus we begin all our consultations". The Name of Jesus invoked with confidence (1) brings help in bodily needs, ac- cording to the promise of Christ: "In my name . . . They shall take up serpents; and if they shall drink any deadly thing, it shall not hurt them: they shall lay their hands upon the sick, and they shall recover". (Mark, xvi, 17, 18.) In the Name of Jesus the Apostles gave strength to the lame (.Vets, iii, 6; ix, 34) and life to the dead (,\cts, ix, 40). (2) It gives consolation in spiritual trials. The Name of Jesus reminds the sinner of the prodigal son's father and of the Good Samaritan; it recalls to the just the suffering and death of the innocent Lamb of God. (.3) It protects us against Satan and his wiles, for the Devil fears the Name of Jesus, who has conquered him on the Cross. (4) In the Name of Jesus we obtain every blessing and grace for time and eternity, for Christ has said: "If you ask the Father any thing in my name, he will give it you." (John, xvi, 23.) Therefore the Church con- cludes all her prayers by the words: "Through Our Lord Jesus Christ", etc. So the word of St. Paul is fulfilled: "That in the name of Jesus every knee should bow, of those that are in heaven, on earth, and under the earth" (Phil., ii, 10).

A special lover of the Holy Name was St. Bernard, who speaks of it in most glowing terms in many of his sermons. But the greatest promoters of this devo- tion were St. Bernardine of Siena and St. John Capi- stran. They carried with them on their missions in the turbulent cities of Italy a copy of the monogram of the Holy Name, siurounded by rays, painted on a wooden tablet, wherewith they blessed the sick and wrought great miracles. .\t the close of their ser- mons they exhibited this emblem to the faithful and asked them to prostrate themselves, to adore the Re- deemer of mankind. They recommended their hearers to have the monogram of Jesus placed o\'er the gates of their cities and above the doors of their dwellings (cf . Seeberger, " Key to the Spiritual Trea.s- ures", 1897, 102). Because the manner in which St. Bernardine preached this devotion was new, he was accused by his enemies, and brought before the tri- bunal of Pope Martin V. But St. John Capistran

defended his master so successfully that the pope not only permitted the worship of the Holy Name, but also assisted at a procession in which the holy mono- gram was carried. The tablet used by St. Bernardine is venerated at Santa Maria in Ara Cocli at Rome.

The emblem or monogram representing the Holy Name of Jesus consists of the three letters: IHS. In the Middle Ages the Name of Jesus was written: iHESus; the monogram contains the first and the last letter of the Holy Name. It is first fountl on a gold coin of the eighth century: dn ihs chs rex regnan- TIUM (The Lord Jesus Christ, King of Kings). Some erroneously say that the three letters are the initials of: "Jesus Hominum Salvator" (Jesus Saviour of Men). The Jesuits made this monogram the emblem of their Society, adding a cross over the H and three nails under it. Consequently a new explanation of the emblem was invented, pretending that the nails originally were a "V", and that the monogram stands for "In Hoc Signo Vinces" (In This Sign you shall Conquer), the words which, according to a legendary account, Constantine saw in the heavens under the Sign of the Cross before the battle at the Milvian bridge (312).

Urban IV and John XXII are said to have granted an indulgence of thirty days to those who would add the name of Jesus to the Hail Mary or would bend their knees, or at least bow their heads when hearing the Name of Jesus (Alanus, "Psal. Christi et Maria;", i, 13, and iv, 25,33; Michael ab Insulis, "Quodlibet", v; Colvenerius, " De festo SS. Nominis", x). This statement may be true; yet it was only by the efforts of St. Bernardine that the custom of adding the Name of Jesus to the Ave Maria was spread in Italy, and from there to the LTniversal Church. But up to the sixteenth century it was still unknown in Belgium (Colven., op. cit., x), whilst in Bavaria and Austria the faithful still affix to the Ave Maria the words: "Jesus Christus" (ventris tui, Jesus Christus). Six- tus V (2 July, 1587) granted an indulgence of fifty days to the ejaculation: "Praise be to Jesus Christ!" with the answer: "For evermore", or ".4men". In the South of Germany the peasants salute each other with this pious formula. Sixtus V and Bene- dict XIII granted an indulgence of fifty davs to all as often as they pronounce the Name of Jesus reverently, and a plenary indulgence in the hour of death. These two indulgences were confirmed by Clement XIII, 5 Sept., 1759. As often as we invoke the Name of Jesus and Mary (" Jesu!", " Maria!") we may gain an indulgence of 300 days, by decree of Pius X, 10 Oct., 1904. It is also necessary, to gain the papal indul- gence in the hour of death, to pronounce at least in mind the Name of Jesus.

For bibliography, see Holy N.\me, Feast of the.

Frederick G. Holtveck.

See Inquisition; Roman Congrb-

Holy Office.

GATION.S.

Holy Oils (Olea Sacra). — Lilurgical Benediction. — Oil is a product of great utility the symbolic signifi- cation of which harmonizes with its natural uses. It serves to sweeten, to strengthen, to render supple; and the Church employs it for these purposes in its rites. The liturgical blessing of oil is very ancient. It is met with in the fourth century in the " Prayer Book of Serapion", and in the Apostolic Constitu- tions, also in a Syriac document of the fifth or sixth century entitled " Testamentum Domini Nostri Jesu Christi". The aforesaid book of Bishop Serapion (d. c. 362) contains the formula for the blessing of the oil and chrism for those who had just received bap- tism, which was in those days followed by confirma- tion in such a manner that the administration of both sacraments constituted a single ceremony. In the same book is foimd a separate form of blessing for the oil of the sick, for water, and for bread. It is