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 HOLOCAUST

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HOLY

render and destruction of victims valuable, pure, innocent, and most nearly connected with man, holo- causts vividly recalled to the Hebrews of old the supreme dominion of God over His creatures, and suggested to them the sentiments of inner purity and entire self-surrender to the Divine Majesty, without which even those most excellent sacrifices could not be of any account before the Almighty Beholder of the secrets of the heart. (2) In offering holocausts with the proper dispositions worshippers could feel assured of acceptance with God, Who then looked upon the victims as a means of atonement for their sins (Lev. [A. V.], i, 4), as a well-pleasing sacrifice on their behalf (Lev., i, 3, 9), and as a cleansing from whatever defilement might have prevented them from appearing worthily before Him (Lev., xiv, 20). (-3) The holocausts of the Old Law foreshadowed the great and perfect sacrifice which Jesus, the High Priest of the New Law and the true Lamb of God, was to offer in fulfilment of all the bloody sacrifices of the first covenant (Heb.. ix, 12, sqq.; x, 1, sqq.: etc.).

Cath. Authors: Hanebbrg, Die rdigiiisen AlterthuvieT fler Bibel, 2nd cd. (Munich, 1S69): Schopfer, Geschichte des A. T. 2nd ed.. (Brixen, 1895); L.\ohange, Etudes sur les Religions Shnitiques. 2nd ed. (Paris, 1905). — Non-Cath. authors: Kurtz, Sacrificial Worship of the Old Te-slament, tr. (Edinburgh, 1863); Eder.sheim, The Temple and its Services (London, 1874); RiEHM, Alttestamentliche Theologie (Halle, 1889); Nowack, Hebraische Archanlogie (Freiburg, 1894); Schultz. Old Testa- ment Theology, tr. (Edinburgh, 1898); Kent, Israel's Laws and Legal Precedents (New York, 1907); Benzinger, Hehraisehe Archiiolngie, 2nd ed. (Freiburg, 1907). See also bibliography to Sacrifice. FhanCIS E. GigOT.

Holocaust, Altar of. See Altar (in Scripture).

Holstenius (Holste), Lucas, German philologist, b. at Hamburg, l.TOG; d. at Rome, 2 February, 1(561. He studied at the gymnasium of Hamburg, and later at Leyden, where Vossius, Heinsius, Meursius, and vScriverius then taught. In 1618 Cluver induced him to accompany him on a journey to Italy and .Sicily, thus giving him a taste for the study of geography. He returned for a short time to Leyden, failed to be accepteil as professor in the gymnasium of Hamburg, and went to England in 1622, where he gathered mate- rials for his "Geographi Minores". At Paris in 1624, he became librarian to the president de Mesmes, the friend of the scholarly brothers Dupuy, and the corre- spondent of Peiresc. At this time he was converted to Catholicism. The liking he had always displayed for Platonic philosophy impelled him to read eagerly the Greek and Latm Fathers, especially those who treated of contemplative and mystical theology. This led him quite naturally to the Catholic Church. In 1627 he went to Rome, and through the influence of Peiresc was admitted to the household of Cardinal Barberini, becoming his librarian in 1636. Finally, under Innocent X, he was placed over the Vatican Li- brary. The popes sent him on various honorable missions, such as bearing the cardinal's hat to the nun- cio at Warsaw (1629), receiving the abjuration of Queen Christina at Innsbruck, acting as intermediary in the conversion of the Landgrave of Darmstadt and of Ranzau, a Dani.sh nobleman. Mostly, however, he was occupied with his studies. He had formed great projects; he desired to correct Cluver's errors and complete his work; to edit, translate and comment the works of the Neoplatonists ; to form a collection of the unedited homilies of the Greek Fathers; to collect inscriptions; to write a critical commentary on the Greek text of the Bible ; to form a collection of all the monuments and acts of the history of the popes. These diverse undertakings consumed his energies and filled his notebooks, but without profit to scholarship. His notes and collations have been used by various editors. His principal works are an edition and a life of Por- phyry (16.30), the "Thoughts" of Democritus, Demo- philus and Secundus, little mythological works (1638), an edition of Arrian's treatise on the Cliase ( 1644), and the "Codex regularum monasticarum ", a much used

collection of monastic rules (1661; edited anew by Brockie, Ratisbon, 1759). He also edited for the first time the " Liber Diurnus", a collection of the an- cient chancery formula used in the administration of the Roman Church (1660); this edition, however, was immediately suppressed by Alexander VII (see Liber DiURNUs). After his death there were published from his papers collections of synods and ecclesiastical monuments, the "Collectio romana bipartita" (1662), also the acts of the martyrs Perpetua and Felicitas, Boniface, Tarachus, Probus and Andronicus (1663). His observations on the geography of Italy appeared in 1666, in the form of notes on the previously pub- lished works of Charles de Saint-Paul, Cluver and Ortelius. The notes on Stephen of Byzantium were published at Leyden in 1684 by Rycke. Lambecius was the nephew of Holstenius, but they quarrelled towards the end of his life.

Cruger, Holstenii Epistolat XXII ad Pi. Lambecium (Jena, 1708); Pelissier, Les amis d'Holsteniiis in Melanges d'arehe- ologie et d'histoire, published by the Ecole francaise de Rome, VI (1886), 554; VII (1887), 62; VIII (1,888). 323, 521; and in the Revue des langues romanes, XXXV (1892); Boissonade. Lucie Holstenii epistoloe ad diversos (Paris, 1817); Tamizey db Lahroque, Lettres de Peiresc 6 Holstenius in Lettres de Peiresc, V (Paris, 1894), 245-488; Niceron, Mcmoires. XXXIX.

Paul Lejay.

Holtei, Karl von, German novelist, poet, and dram- atist; b. at Breslau, 24 January, 179S; d. in that city, 12 February, 1880. He abandoned first agriculture and then law for the stage for which he early exliibited a great fondness. Having married Louise Rog^e, an actress playing in Breslau, he liecame connected with the theatre of that city, but changed this residence for Berlin when his wife obtained an engagement there at the court theatre. After her death (1825) he led the life of a wandering rhapsodist, giving dramatic readings at Paris and various other cities. In 1829 he married a second time, his wife being Julie Holzbecher, an actress. He appeared on the stage in different towns, until he accepted the directorship of the newly established German theatre at Riga in 1837. But the next year, his wife having died, he resumed his wan- dering life as dramatic reader until he settled down in Graz, residing in the house of one of his daughters, who was married there. Here he remained until 1870, when he returned to his native city, where he enjoyed extraordinary popularity. Failing health induced him to take up his abode in the convent of the Brothers of Mercy, where he died.

Holtei's writings are very numerous and include dramas, lyrics and novels. He introduced the vaudeville into Germany. Of his plays, forty-six in number, the best known are "Der alte Feldherr" (1829), "Lenore" (1829), " Ein Trauerspiel in Berhn" (1838), and " Lorbeerbaum und Bettelstab" (1840). Of his novels, the first to appear was "Die Vaga- bunden" (1852); among those that followed the best are "Christian Lammfell" (1853) and "Der letzte Komodiant" (1863). Of his lyric poems the most popular are the collection entitled " Schlesische Ge- dichte" (Berlin, 1830, 20th ed., 1893), written in Sile- sian dialect. Holtei also wrote an autobiography "Vierzig Jahre" (Berlin and Breslau, 1843-50), with a supplement " Noch ein Jahr in Schlesien" (Breslau, 1864). A complete collection of his dramas was published at Breslau, 1845 (final edition, 6 vols., Bres- lau, 1867). The novels and stories were collected and published under the title " Erzahlungen" (Breslau, 39 vols., 1S61-66).

Consult the autobiography; see also Kurnick, K. v. H., ein Lebensbild (Breslau, 1880); Landau, Karl von Holteis Romane (Leipzig. 1904); Wehl, Zeil und Menschen (.\ltona, 1889).

Arthur F. J. Remy.

Holy Agony, Archconfraternity of, an asso- ciation for giving special honour to the mental suffer- ings of Christ during His Agony in the Garden of Gethsemani. Its object is to obtain through the