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 HOLLAND

393

HOLLANDERS

ceremony. This, however, very seldom causes prac- tical difficulties. In accordance with Article CLXXI of the Constitution, the Catholic clergy, as well as that of every other denomination, receives not only salaries from the State, but pensions also. The collective amount paid to the Catholics in 1S98, when they formed 35 per cent of the population, was 565,000 florins, while the Reformed and other sects received 1,304,800 florins.

(See also Bois-le-Duc; Breda; Haaelem; Roer- mond; Utrecht.)

Blok. Geschiedenis van het Nederlandsche Volk (Groningen, 1892-1908) : NuYENS, Nederlandsche Beroerten (Amsterdam. ■1865-70); FRniN, Verspreide Geschriflen (The Hague, 1900- 06): Id., Tien jaren mit den tachtigjaritien oorlog (The Hague, 1906); Motley, Rise of the Dulrh Ifriniblic (London, 1856): Id.. History of the United Netherlands (London, 1860-68) (very partisan); Van Wagenaar (Amsterdam, 1749-1811) (out of date); Prinsterer, Archives (2 series, Brussels, lS:i5^): (gives original sources); continued by Kramer (Leyden, 1907 — ) : Kemper, Staatkundige Geschiedenis van Nederland tot 18.30 (Amsterdam, 1838); Id., Geschiedenis van Nederland na 1830 (Amsterdam, 1873-82); Nuyens, Geschiedenis van het Nederlandsche Volk van 1815 tot op onze dagen (Amsterdam, 1SS3-S6): .\lbers, Het Herslcl der Hierarchic in de Ncdcrlanden (Nimwegen, 1903-04); Van Alphen, Nieuw Kerkclijk Hand- boek (The Hague, 1900); Pius-Almanak: Jaarboek voor de Katholieken in Nederland (Alkmaar, 1909).

P. Albers.

Holland, Thomas, Venerable, English martj-r, b. IfiOO, at Sutton, Lancashire; martyred at Tyburn, 12 December, 1642. He was probal)ly son of Richard Holland, gentleman, was educated at St. Omer's and subsequently in August, 1021, went to Valladolid, where he took the missionary oath 29 December, 1633. When the abortive negotiations for the Span- ish match were taking place in 1623, Holland was sent to Madrid to assure Prince Charles of the loyalty of the seminarists of Valladolid, which he did in a Latin oration. In 1624 he entered the novitiate of the Society of Jesus at Watten in Flanders and not long after was ordained priest at Liege. After serving as minister at Ghent and prefect at St. Omer's he was made a spiritual coadjutor at Ghent (28 May, 1634) and .sent on the English mission the following year. He was an adept in disguising himself, and could speak French, Spanish, and Flemish to perfection, but was eventually arrested on suspicion in a London street 4 Oct., 1642, and committed to the New Prison. He was afterwards transferred to Newgate, and ar- raigned at the Old Bailey, 7 December, for being a priest. There wa.s no conclusive evidence as to this; but as he refused to swear he was not, the jury found him guilty, to the indignation of the Lord Mayor, Sir Isaac Pennington, and another member of the bench named Garroway. On Saturday, 10 Dccoml.>!>r, Sergeant Peter Phesant, presumably acting for the recorder, reluctantly passed sentence on him. On his return to prison great multitudes resorted to him, and he heard many confessions. On Sunday and Monday he was able to say Mass in prison, and soon after his last Mass was taken off to execution. There he was allowed to make a considerable speech and to say many prayers, and, when the cart was turned awaj', he was left to hang till he was dead. His brethren called him bibliotheca pietatis.

Pollen, Acts of the English Martyrs (London, 1891), 358- 367; Challoneb, Missionary Priests. II, no. 174; Gillow Bibl. Diet. Eng. Calh. (London and New Yorlt, 1885-1902), III, 353-6; Cooper in Diet. Nat. Biog.

J. B. Wainewright.

Hollanders in the United States— The Hol- landers played by no means an insignificant part in the early history of the LInited States. They first appeared in this country at the beginning of the seventeenth century. Holland has the distinction of being one of the smallest of independent European countries (12,648 square miles). Though it was in an almost continual conflict with Spain from which it sought complete freedom, and though the scene of constant religious dissensions, it enjoyed at the same time a world-wide reputation as a maritime power,

whose commercial enterprise, especially in its colo- nies was everywhere acknowledged. In June, 1609, Henry Hudson, an Englishman in the service of the Dutch East India Company, sailed in his ship "De Halve Maan" (The Half Moon) to the new continent and was the first to ascend, as far as the site of Albany, the river which now bears his name. Hudson, however, was not the discoverer of this grand river, for, eighty-five years earlier, the Florentine, Giovanni da Verrazano sailed on what is now called New York Bay, and in 1525 another Catholic mariner, Estevan Gomez, explored part of the same beautiful river, which he called Rio San Antonio, under which name it appears on the Ribera map designeil in 1529.

The reports of Hudson stimulated the commercial activity of the Dutch, who laid claim to the territory along the river. In 1614, a number of Hollanders, most of whom were agents of the trading company, established themselves on Manhattan Island. Other Dutch settlers, realizing what great resources were at stake, erected several trading posts, beginning at Albany (Fort Nassau; Fort Orange) and extending as far south as Philadelphia. The territory between these two points was called " Nieuw-Nederland " (New Netherlands). Through the influence of Wil- liam Usselinck, a Holland West India Company de- tained from the States-General a charter granting them a commercial monopoly in America and a part of Africa for the term of twenty-four years. The members of the company collected a fund of 7,200,000 florins (.S2,8S0,000) which they divided into 1200 adies (shares). The entire government of the colony was in the hands of the company, with this restric- tion, that the States-General delegated the nineteenth member to the general convention, and that it was to sanction the appointment of the governor. From 1624 to 1664 the colony was ruled by four governors: Peter Minuit (1624-33); Wouter van Twiller (1633- 38); William Kieft (1638-17); Peter Stuj^vesant (1647-64). Peter Minuit purchased Manhattan Island from the Indians for the sum of twenty-four dollars (which was paid in merchandise) and there laitl the foundation of the city of Nieuw Amsterdam, which extended as far north as Wall Street in what is now New York City.

In order to encourage emigration, the West India Company (1629) issued its charter of " privileges and exemptions" by virtue of which any member of the company who within four years should plant a colony in New Netherlands of not less than fifty persons of over fifteen years of age, should obtain absolute title to a tract of land extending sixteen miles along the navigable river, or eight miles if on both shores, and so far into the country as the situation of the occu- pants would permit. These proprietors, calletl pa- troons, held great political power as well as judicial power over the .settlers. Other grants were given to colonists in 1640 and at later periods. These grants gave to the New Netherlands the characteristic feat- ures of a feudal colony, and gave rise to a landed aristocracy the exercise of whose power was not always beneficial to the colonists. A mandate pro- mulgated in 1640, which suppressed the external practice of any religion other than the Dutch Re- formed, was revokefl the next year. But although no laws existed by which the religious convictions of the immigrants were restricted, the Dutch population was nevertheless predominantly Protestant and belonged chiefly to the Reformed Calvinistic Church. In 1628 Joannis Michaelius organized the first Dutch congre- gation in New Amsterdam, and by the year 1664 thirteen other Protestant missions had been formed. As only a very small percentage of the Dutch immi- grants were Catholics, history does not take notice of them, nor does it record the establishment of any Dutch Catholic parish or institution in that commu- nity. The French Jesuit, Father Isaac Jogues (mar-