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 HITTITES

380

HOBART

Holland produced: Hofstedede Groot, "Institutiones histor. eccles." (Groningen, 1835) ; Royaards, " Com- pendium hist. eccl. Christ." (Utrecht, 1841-45).

In the past, England, Scotland, and North America have cultivated for the most part special fields, espe- cially the early Christian period and the ecclesiastical history of particular nations. The most important general ecclesiastical history of England hitherto pro- duced by Anglican scholars is that edited by W. Stephens and W. Hunt — "A History of the Eng- lish Church" by various writers (Hunt, Stephens, Capes, Gairdner, Hutton, Overton), of which ten vol- umes have already (1910) appeared. An exhaustive history of the period since the Reformation is that of Dixon, " History of the Church of England since 1529" (5 vols., 1878-1902). In his " Lollardy and the Reformation in England" (2 vols., London, 1908), Dr. James Gairdner gives an able antl impartial ac- count of the genesis of the Reformation in England. A very u.seful work is the " Dictionary of Christian Biography, Literature, Sects and Doctrines during the first eight centuries", edited liy William Smith and H. Wace (4 vols., London, 1879 — ). We might also mention the ''History of the Christian Church" by Canon James Robertson of Canterbury, reaching to 1517; C. Wordsworth's "Church History" (4 vols., London, 1885), and the "History of the Christian Church" by Schaff (6 vols., New^York, 18S2-1909). Other Protestant histories are: Archdeacon Hard- wick's " History of the Christian Church, Middle Age" (ird ed. by Stubbs, London, 1872), and "Reforma- tion" (3rd ed. by Stubbs, London, 1873); French's "Lectures on Mediaeval Church History" (London, 1877) ; Milman's " History of Latin Christianity to Nicholas V, 1455" (revised ed., London, 18G0); Philip Smith's ''Ilistory of the Cloristian Church to tlie end of the Middle Ages" (New York, 1885); tieorge P. Fisher's "History of the Christian Church" (New York, 1887). Fair and imjiartial in many ways is Wakeman's " Introduction to the Church History of England " (3rd ed., London, 1907). To these may be added James Murdock's translation of Mosheim's "Institutes" (New York, 1854), and Henry B. Smith's translation of Gieseler's " History of the Church " (New York, 1857-80). For the sources of English Church history in general see Gross, "The Sources of English History to 1489" (New York, 1900), and Gardiner and MuUinger, "Introduction to the Study of English History" (latest ed., London, 1903).

c) Greek Orthodox Writers. — In recent time Greek Orthodox writers have produced two works which indicate a growing interest in general Church history: the 'IdTopla. 'EKK\ri(xiaaTiK-q by Diomedes Kyriakus (2 vols., Athens, 1882), and the 'EKKXTjo-iacrTiKr; Itrropla iTri l-qfToO XpMTov MfXP' ■''" '"' W"' xp^"'^" by Philaretes Baphcides (Constantinople, 1SS4 — ).

In conclusion it may be added that the Ijiographies of most of the Catholic authors mentioned above will be found in The Catholic Encyclopedia.

Freeman, The Methods of Hislorienl Slu/h/ (London. 18S6); Bernheim. LehTbuch der fiistorifirhen Methttdc i'MA ed.. Leipzifi, 190."?): Melster in Grundriss der (tenrlnef>tsjris/tenftehnft,\'o]. I. pt. I (Leii)zig, 1906); de Smedt, Prinripes de ta critique his- (onqu^ (Lit'Ce. 188'i): Langixiis and .Sekinobos. Introdurtion aux eludes historiqves f.3rd ed.. P.Tris, 190.5); Knupfler, Wert und Bedrutunn des Sfudium drr Kirrhenfiesehirhle (Munich, 1S94; cf. also SfHRciRS. Hist. Jnhrb.. IS94, pp. l:!:t-14.5); Ehkharo, SteUling unri Aufoabe der Kirchenqeschiehte in der GriienirnTt (StuUK.irt, ISOS); de Smedt. IntTodnctio fjenernlis ad histnriam ecelesinsfienm eritire trfirfnndnm (CUu'nt, ISTfi); NiRSCHt,, Pro- ptideutik drr Kirr/ienfjesrhirhlr (Miiinz. IKSS); Kiftn, Enzyklo- ptidie und Methodologie drr TheoUxiie (Frcilmr^, iin Br., 1892); Hagenbach, Enzuelopitdie und Melhodoloflie der theolof/isrhrn Wissenschnften (12th ed., I.cipzic. ISS9); IIi'hter, A'ometirht- tor literarius the^looifE calhtilieis Cird ed., Innsbnirk, I90:i-); HeRGEnrother, I/findhueh der nllnemeinrn Kireltenqesrttictile, I (4th ed. by KinscH, Froibure iin Br., 1902), Introdnetion; Delehate, Les h'qrndes hntjioornphiques (2nd ed., P.^^is. 1906); FoNCK, Wissensehnpliehes Arbeiten. BeitrhQc zur Methodik des akademischen Studiums (Innsbruck, 1908).

J. P. KiRSCH.

Hittites. See Hethites.

Hittorp, Melchior, theologian and liturgical writer, b. about 1525, at Cologne; d. there in 1584. On the completion of his studies he obtained the degree of Licentiate of Theology, and was appointed canon at S. Maria ad Gradus. In 1593 he was elected dean of the collegiate church of St. Cunibert. At the request of Jacob Pamelius, then canon of Bruges and later Bishop of St-Omer, Hittorp pub- lished in 1568"Vetustorumecclesiae patrum lil>ri varii de divinis catholica; ecclcsise ofhciis ", a work con- taining various writings of Isidore of Seville, Alcuin, Rhabanus Maurus, Strabo, Berno, and others. An enlarged edition by Ferrari (1591) was reproduced in the "Magn. Bibl. vet. PP.", X (Paris, 1644).

Hurter, Nomencliitor; Alloem. deutsche Biog., XII, ,507; Harzhei.m, Bibl. Colonien.; Idem, CaUil. biblioth. Metrop. Colon.

Fhancis Mershman.

HIadnik, Franz von Paula, botanist and school- master, b. 29 March, 1773, at Idria, Carniola, Austria; d. 25 November, 1844, at Laibach, Carniola. He was the son of a mining official; he studied philosophy and theology and became a priest in 1790. His weak health prevented his undertaking parish duties, and in 1796 he occupied the post of Skriptor in the library of the Laibach Lyceum, but soon gave thi.s up, and for forty years devoted himself to teaching in the dilTerent schools of Laibach. In 1803 he was already tlirec- tor of the Normal School and in 1807 prefect of the gymnasium, which post he held till his sight failed. In his last years he was l)lind. HIadnik w;is ;i true teacher, who brought the gymnasium of Laibach to a flourishing condition, for which he was honouralily distingui.shod by the Emperor Francis. During the French occupation, HIadnik was appointed professor of botany and natural history in the Central School of Laibach, and presented with a piece of land to be laid out for the cultivation of the flora of Carniola. It soon contained 600 kinds of local plants.

Whilst occupied with his botanical garden, he was also delivering lectures on botany and spent his holi- days for thirty years in making researches in (he crownland of Carniola. These researches form his most important contributions to science. He be- queathed his rich botanical collection to the Rudolfi- num Public Museum, founded in Laibach in 1831. The niu.seum owes him m\ich and contains his portrait, painted by A. von Ilermannsthal. Among HIadnik's pupils was Skofitz, the founder of the " Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschrift", now in its sixtieth year of pulilication. HIadnik discovered several new kinds of plants and certain genera have been named after him. He did not publish any scientific works; his manuscripts now in possession of the Carniola Historical Society are written in Latin, German, French, and Slavonian, proving the learning and industry of the author. ■I'hey treat of ascetic theology, history, botany, and mineralogy.

Von Wurzbach, Bio(tr. Lexikon des Knisertums Oestcrrcich, IX (Vienna. 1S6.3); Oeslrrr. Botan. Zettsehrilt, XXV (Vienna. 1S75); Botanik u. Zooloqie in Oestcrrrich (Vienna, 1901); Dalla Torre and Harms, Genera Siphonogamarum (Leipzig, 1900-7).

Jos. H. ROMPEL.

Hoban, Michael John. See Scranton, Diocese

OF.

Hobart, .\RCHniocESE of (Hobartensis), com- prises Tiismania, Hruni Island, and the Cape Barren, Flinders, King, and other islands in Bass Straits. Tasmania was originally under the jurisdiction of the vicar Apostolic of Capetown, Mauritius and New Holland, and afterw;ir(ls under thiit of New llolliind, when it was made a separate vicariate. Hobart was made a diocese in 1842. On the establishment of the Australian hierarchy the Bishop of Hobart wa.s suffrag.an of the Archbishop of Sydney. When in 1874 Melbourne became the archdiocese of the new