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 HIRSCHAU

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HIRSCHER

Hirschau, Abbey of, a celebrated Benedictine

monastery in Wiirtemberg, Diocese of Spires, about twenty-two miles west of Stuttgart. It was founded in 830 by Erlafried, Count of Calw, at the suggestion of his son. Noting, Bishop of Vercelli, who wished to enrich his native country with the relics of St. Aure- lius, an Armenian bishop, and for that purpose brought them from Italy to Calw. They were first placed in the oratory of St. Nazarius at "Calw, while the monastery of Hirschau wa.s being built. When it was ready sixteen monks came from Fulda to form the new community, one of them, named Lutpert, being made first abbot. Count Erlafried endowed the monastery with lands and other gifts, and made a solemn donation of the whole into the hands of Lut- pert, on condition that the Benedictine Rule should be observed there. The abbey church, dedicated to St. Peter, was not completed until 838, in which year it was consecrated by Othgar, Archbishop of Mainz, who at the same time solemnly translated the body of St. Aurelius from its temporarj' resting-place to the new church. Abbot Lutpert died in 853, having brought about a substantial increase both in the pos- sessions of the abbey and in the number of the monks under his rule. Regular observance flourished under him and his successors and a successful monastic school was established. In 988 a severe plagtie dev- astated the neighbourhood and carried off sLxty of the monks including the abbot, Hartfried. Only a dozen were left to elect a successor, and they divided into two parties. The more fervent chose one Conrad, whose election was confirmed by the Bishop of Spires, but some of the others, who favoured a more relaxed rule, elected an opposition abbot in the person of Eberhard, the cellarer. For some time the dispute ran high between the rival superiors and their respec- tive followers. The Count of Calw supported the claims of Eberhard, but neither party woidfl give way to the other and in the end the count brought in an armed force to settle the quarrel. The result was that the abbey was pillaged, the monks dispersed, and the valuable library destroyed. The count became mas- ter of the property and the abbey remained empty for over sixty years, during which time the buildings fell into a ruinous state. In 1049 Leo IX, brother (or, as some say, uncle) of Count Adalbert, and grandson of the spoliator, came to Calw, and required Adalbert to restore the abbey. This he did, but so slowly that it was not ready for occupation until 1065, when it was peopled anew by a dozen monks who came from the celebrated Swiss Abbey of Einsiedeln, with Abbot Frederick at their head. It was, however, his succes- sor who revived and even surpassed the former renown and prosperity of the abbey. This was the famous William of Hirschau, a monk of St. Emmeram's at Ratisbon, who was called to the abbacy in 1069. When he came the condition of the monastery was far from satisfactory. The buildings were still incom- plete, Count Adalbert still retained possession of some of the monastic property, together with a certain amount of harmful influence over the community, and regular discipline was verv' much relaxed. Abbot William's zeal and prudence b}- degrees remedied this evil state of affairs and inaugurated a period of great prosperity, both spiritual and temporal. He secured the independence of the abbey and placed its finances in a satisfactory condition; he completed the build- ings already begun and afterwards greatly added to them, as the needs of the increasing community re- quired; and he re founded the monastic school for which the abbey had formerly been famous through- out Germany. But his greatest work, perhaps, and that for which his name is best remembered, was the reformation that he effected within the community itself. Cluny was then at the height of its renown and thither Abbot William sent some of his monks to learn the customs and rule of that celebrated house,

and on their return the Cluniac discipline was intro- duced at Hirschau.

The abbot then wrote his well-known "Consue- tudines Hirsaugienses " (P. L., CL, and Herrgott, " Vetus Diseiphna Monastica "), which for several cen- turies remained the standard of monastic observance. From Hirschau monks were sent out to reform other German monasteries on the same lines, and from it seven new monasteries were founded by Abbot ^^ il- liam. The numbers of the community increased to 150 under his rule, manual labour and the copying of manuscripts forming an important part of their occu- pations. Numerous exemptions and other privileges were obtained from time to time from emperors and popes. In the twelfth centun,' the autocratic rule of Abbot Manegold caused for a time some internal dissensions, loss of fraternal charity, and consequent decline of strict discipline, but the vigorous efforts of several worthy abbots checked the decadence, and temporarily re-established the stricter observance. In the fifteenth centuni", however, the famous "Customs" had gradually become almost a dead letter, and Wolfram, the'thirty-eighth abbot (1428-1460). intro- duced a reform modelled upon that of the Austrian Abbey of Jlelk. This lasted only for a few years for, soon after, Hirschau adopted the Constitutions of Bursfeld and was united to that congregation. Abbot Wolfram's successor, Bernhard, carried on the good work, freed the abbey from its debts, restored the monastic buildings, and also reformed several other monasteries. In the days of Abbot John III (1514- 56) Hirschau fell on evil times; the Protestant Ref- ormation began to make its influence felt, and after a brief period of struggle, the abbey, through the con- nivance of Duke Ulrich of Wurtemberg, passed into Lutheran hands, though still maintaining its monastic character. In 1630 it became Catholic again for a short time, but after the Peace of Westphalia (1648) it once more came under the control of the Dukes of WiJrtemberg and another series of Lutheran abbots presided over it. The community eventually came to an end and the once famous .\bbey of Hirschau was finally destroyed by the French under Melac in 1692. Only a few ruins now remain to mark its site. The history of Hirschau up to the year 1503 is fullv related by Trithemius, the celebrated Abbot of Spanheim, who had access to its archives before they were dispersed. Besides the "Customs" already referred to. William of Hirschau left a treatise "De JIusica et Tonis" (printed by Gerbert, "Script. Eccles.", and also by Migne, P. L., CL).

Trithemius. Chrmti^on Hirsaugiense (St. Gall, 1690); Mabil- Lox. Annales O.S.B. (Paris, 1703-39). III. IV; Idem, Ada SS. O.S.B. (Venice, 1733); Ste-M,\bthe, Gallia Christiana (Paris, 1731), V; Migne, Did. des Abbayes (Paris. 1S54); Helyot, Diet, des Ordres Rdigieux (Paris. 1863); BRArxMfLLER in Kirrhenlexikon, s. v.; Orutzmacher in Realenryklopadie (Leip- zig, 1900); I{AFNERinS(i/rfim Milt-Bcn-Cist. (Raigern. 1S91-5).

G. Cyprian Alston.

Hirscher, Joh.\nn B.\ptist von, b. 20 January, 1788, at Alt-Ergarten. Ravensburg; d. 4 September, 1S65. He studied at Weissenau monastery school, the Ivceum of Constance, and the University of Freiburg. Ordained priest in 1810, he was for two j-ears curate at Rohlingen; in 1S12 he became a tutor in the theo- logical faculty of EUwangen; and in 1814 assistant professor of philosophy at the EUwangen lyceum. In 1817 he was elected to the chair of moral and pas- toral theologv' in Tubingen LTniversity, where he re- mained twenty years. In 1837 he became professor of moral theology and catechetics at the LTniversity of Freiburg in the Breisgau, where, for a quarter of a century, he exerted a very great influence. He was made a canon in 1839, and dean of the chapter in 1850; after 1847 he was often sent as delegate of the uni- versity to the First Chamber of the Grand Duchy of Baden. His advanced age forced him to cease teach- ing in the summer of 1863.