Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 7.djvu/412

 HIPPOS

362

EIRENA

(Die Canones Hippolyti, Leipzig, 1891), belongs in all probability to the fifth or sixth century.

The works of Hippolytus have been edited by Fabricius, "S. Hippolyti episcopi et mart, opera" (2 vols., Hamburg, 1716-18); by Gallandi in " BibUo- theca veterum patrum", 11, 1766; in Migne, P. G., X; by Lagarde (Leipzig and London, 1858); and by Bonwetsch and .\chelis, "Hippolvtus" 1, pts. 1 and 11 (Leipzig, 1897), in "Die gr. chr. Schriftsteller", a series published by the Berlin Academy. The " Philosophumena" was edited by Miller, as the work of Origen (Oxford, 1851); by Duncker and Schneide- win as the work of Hippolytus (Gottingen, 1859), and in P. G., XVI. The "Canones Hippolyti" were ed- ited by Haneberg (Munich, 1870) ; by Achelis, " Die alt- esten Quellen des orientalischen Kirchenrechts", I, in "Texte und Untersuchungen", VI (Leipzig, 1891), 4.

11. Besides the presbyter, Hippolytus of Rome, others of the name are mentioned in the old mar- tyrologies and legends of mart jts as having shed their blood for the Faith. Some of these, however, are to be identified with him. In the Acts of St. Laurence we find an officer Hippolytus who, with his nurse Concordia and nineteen others of his household, was put to death for the Faith. The same statement also appears in the Roman MartjTology under the date of 13 August. But this Hippolytus is without doubt identical with the presbyter and martyr who has been connected by legend with St. Laurence, whose grave is situated near the cemetery of Hippolytus. — Hip- polytus was also commemorated at a later date in common with St. Cassian, with whom he had no coimexion whatsoever. According to the hymn of Prudentius on Cassian (Peristephanon, hjTnn IX), the latter was a teacher at Imola (Forum Cornelii) and was surrendered to the fury of his pupils, who tortured him to death with their iron styles. He is without doubt an historical martyr, who probably suffered in the persecution of Diocletian. — Another Hippolytus is likewise found among a group of martjTS described as "Greek martyrs" {7narliires grccci), whose burial- place was venerated in the catacomb of Callistus. This Hippolytus is certainly distinct from the Roman presbyter (De Rossi, "Roma sotterranea". 111, 201- 208). The feast of these saints is celebrated on 2 December. — Furthermore the bishop and martjT Hippolytus of Porto is commemorated on 22 August in the Roman Martyrology. This statement, which occurs even in ancient martjTologies, is connected with the confusion regarding the Roman presbyter, resulting from the Acts of the Martyrs of Porto. It has not been ascertained whether the memory of the latter was localized at Porto merely in connexion with the legend in Prudentius, without further foun- dation, or whether a person named Hippolytus was really mart\Ted at Porto, and afterwards confounded in legend with Hippolytus of Rome.

HippoLTTtTB OF RoME. — BibUotheca haffioffraphica latina, I (Brussels, 1898-99), 590-91: Richardson, Bibliographical Sunopsis in The Anlr-\icene Fntiiers (Buffalo, 1887), 55-58; Harnack, Geschirhle rfcr nlrchriatlichen Literatur, I (Leipzig. 1893), 605-46: Bardenhewer, Geschirhle dec altkirchhcken LileratuT, II (Freibum im Br., 1903). 496-5,')5; BrNSEN, Hip- pohihis and His Aae (4 vols., London, 18.52). tr. Gennan (2 vols., Leipzie;. 1852-53): W'ord.sworth. Si. Hippohitus and the Church of Rome in the Enrlu Part of the Third Century (London, 1853: 2nd ed., 1880); Ei.vE Tawer. Hippolvtus and the Chris- tian Church of the Third Century (London, 1853): Lightfoot, The Apostolic Fathers, Pt. X: St. Clement of Rome. II (London. 1,890). 317-477; Dollinger, Hippolytus und Callistus. odcr die rhmischc Kirche in drr ersten Hntftc des .3. Jnhrhundcrfs (Ratis- bon, 185:i); Volkmar. Hippolytus und die mmisehen ZrilffenoB- sen (Zurirli, 1855); Pf, Smedt, Dissertationes selectm in primam a-tatem hiatoria- cccl (Ghent, 1876), 83-189, 190-218; Grib.ir. Bcdfirf dir fiippnlytuxfriific ciner Revisionf in Zeitschr. fiir kalh. Thtol (1S7S). .50.'>-:i3; De Rossi. Eloijio Damasiano del celebre Ippiilito martir, in Bullettino di arch. Crist. (1881), 26-55; (1882). 9-76; (1883), 60-€5; Funk, Zur Hippolylfrage in Hitlorisch- polilische Blatter. LXXXIX (1882), 889-96: Idem. Der Ver- fasaer der Philoxophumena in Kirchengesch . .ibhandl. und Vnter- suchunoen. II (1.899). 161-97: FirKER, Studien zur Hippolytus- frage (Leipzig. 1893): Achelis, Hippolytstudien in Texte und Untersuchungen, N. S., I (Leipzig. 1897), 4; Neumann, Def

romische Staat und die allgemeine Kirche bis Diokletian, I (Leipzig, 1890), 213 sqq., 257 sqq.; Idem, Hippolyt von Rom in seiner Stellung zu Staat und Welt (Leipzig, 1902) : DufouRcq, Les Gcsta martyrum romains. I (Paris, 1900), 199-208; Du- chesne, Histoirc anetrnne de I'L'glisc. I (Palis, 19(16), 292-323: Funk, Die apostolischcn Konstifufionen (Roltenburg, 1891); Achelis, Hippolytus im Kirchcnrccht in Ztilschrift jiir Kirchen- fff5cAifA/f,X\' (1895), 1-43: Funk, Z>aa Testament unseres Herm und die verwandten Schriften (Mainz, 1901); Adhemar d'Ales, La theologie de S. Hippolyte (Paris, 1906); Strinopulos, Hip- polyts philoaophische Ajischauungen (Leipzig. 1903).

J. P. KiRSCH.

Hippos ("iTTiros, Hippus) a titular see of Palestina Secunda, sufTragan of Scythopolis. It was a town of the Decapolis, 30 stadia from Gadara, and the same distance from Tiberias. The district of Ilippena, in which it was situated, touched the boundaries of the districts of these two towns. The Tahnud refers to it under the Semitic form Sueitha, which means a horse, just as the Greek word does. Josephus men- tions it (Antiq., XIV, viii; XVll, xiii, etc) and speaks of it (Bella Jud., 11) as one of the eastern frontier towns of Galilee. Eusebius says that it was near Aphec, the modern name of which is Fik. It is also mentioned by Hierocles in the si.xth century, and by George of (Cyprus in the seventh centurj'. Conquered by the Machabean prince Alexander Jan- na-us (106-79 B.C.), according to the chronicle of Georgius Sj-ncellus, the town was taken from the Jews by Pompey. Augustus gave it to Herod the Great (Josephus, Antiq., XIV, viii), after whose death it be- came part of the province of Syria.

In the time of Christ it was a semi-pagan town. At the beginning of the war with Rome the Jews sacked it, and in revenge the inhabitants expelled all Jews. It opened its gates to Vespasian, and prospered under the Roman and Byzantine Emperors. Its coins form a series dating from Nero to Commodus. Greek learning was honoured there, as is testified by an inscription discovered by Clermont-Ganneau (Etudes d'archfologie orientale, 1, 142). Lequicn (Oriens Christ.. Ill, 709-12) and Gams (Series Epis- coporum, 454) mention three bi.-ihops of Hippos be- tween the fourth and sixth centuries: Peter, pre.sent at the Councils of Antioch (358) and of Seleucia (359); Conon, who in 518 subscribed to the synodal letters sent by John of Jerusalem to John of Constantinople concerning Severus of Antioch ; Theodore, present at the Council of Jeru.salem (53). Eubel (Hierarchia Catholica, I, 288) mentions six Latin bishops of Hippos at the end of the fourteenth and beginning of the fifteenth centuries. The most probable opinion identifies Hippos with the modern Kal'at el-Hu?n, which realizes all the known topographical data. It is situated on the side of the \Vadi-Fik, on one of the eastern hills that run along the lake and the Jordan, opposite Tiberias. Many ruins are found there; one broad central street seems to have been lined with columns, and there are ruins of a pagan temple, a Oiristian basilica, and broken pieces of columns and capitals. The neighbouring village Siisieh seems to retain under an Arabic form the old Semitic name Susitha.

Lequien. Oriens Christ. (1740), III. 709-12; Eubel. Hie- Tarchia Catholica. I. 288; Schurer. Geschichfe des judischen Volkes. II, 120-22; Vidal in Echos d'Orient. Ill, 8-12; La Pa- lestine. Guide hi.'ttorique et pratique. par des professeurs de Notre- Dame de France d Jerusalem, 482-483.

S. Salavii.le.

Hirena, a titular see of southern Tunis. Nothing is known of the city, the name of which may have been Hirina, Hiren, or Iren, Three bishops arc known: Tertullian, present at the conference of Carthage in 311: Saturus, exiled in 484 by Huncric with many other bishops; Theodore, who in 641 signed the letter from the Council of Byzacium to Constantine, son of Heraclius, against Monothelitism.

MoBCELLl, Africa chrisiiana, I (Brescia, 1816), 85.

S. Pethides.