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HILLEL

ducal House of Bavaria, which, in order more effi- ciently to combat the spread of Protestantism, kept other sees constantly under its control, among them Cologne itself. They also brought the Jesuits to Hildesheira at an early date.

By this time the Thirty Years War had brought manifold burdens and afflictions on the see. Even the cathedral was for a short time, in 1634, given over to the Lutheran worship by victorious enemies. The see continued to exist, however, though surrounded by Protestant territory. In 1643 the " large diocese ", which had been lost in 1523, was regained, though all attempt to win back the population to the CathoUc Faith was frustrated by the " Normal Year" article of the Treaty of Westphalia, i. e. what had been Protestant down to 1624 was in the future to remain so. The " large diocese " remained united to Hildesheim until, in 1803, "secularization" severed the prince's crown from the bishop's mitre, and suppressed the Catholic chapter and numerous monasteries and con- vents. In 1803 the see was given to Prussia as a secular principality. In 1807 it became part of the Kingdom of Westphalia under Jerome Bonaparte, and in 1S13 it was incorporated with the Kingdom of Hanover. In 1824 the Bull "Impensa Romanorum Pontificum" gave its present form to this diocese, henceforth deprived of all temporal power, and brought within its jurisdiction all the scattered Catho- lics of the Engdom of Hanover east of the Weser. In 1834 the Duchy of Brunswick was added. The new see has an area of about 540 square miles. The true restorer of the see was Bishop Edward Jacob, who by his apostolic zeal and self-sacrifice accomplished great results. He was aided by the personal goodwill of King George V of Hanover, as well as by the general upward movement of the Catholic Faith in Germany. He introduced the Franciscans and the Augustinians into the diocese, also the Sisters of Charity of St. Vin- cent de Paul, whom he summoned from Paderborn. The present bishop (since 1906) is Dr. Adolf Bertram. The diocese numbers (1908) 201,914 Catholics (with- out counting soldiers or the inmates of prisons). It is divided into 15 deaneries and contains 109 parishes, 25 Kuratien, 174 churches and chapels; the clergy number 233 secular priests, and 4 Augustinian, and 8 Franciscan monks. There are Ursuline nuns at Duderstadt, with 37 professed and 18 lay nuns, besides 8 novices; also Sisters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul at Hildesheim (mother-house), with 35 establish- ments, numbering 308 professed nuns and 33 novices.

Bertram, Die Bischi'fe von Hildt-sheim (Hildesheim. 1S96); Idem, Geschichte des Bistums Hildesheim, I (Hildesheim, 1899); Idem, Die katholische Kirche unserer Zeit herausgegeben von der Oslerr. Leogesellschafl, II (Munich, 1899-1902), 192 sq.: Ne- HER in Kirchenlex., s. v.; Dobner, Studicn zur hildesheim' schen Geschichte (1902): Idem, Urkundenbuch der Stadt Hildesheim (Hanover, 1880-1901); Janicke and Hooc.eweg, Urkunden- buch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischnfe, 4 vols, have already appeared (Hanover, 1896-1905); Maring, Diuzesan- synoden und Domherm-General kapitel des Stifts Hildesheim (Hanover. 1905); Idem, Die Kongregalion der barmherzigen Schweslem vom hi. Vincenz von Paul in Hildesheim (Hildesheim, 1908); Hilling, Die rvmische Rota und das Bistum Hildesheim am Ausgange des Mittelalters, supplement VI of the Reforma- tionsgeschichlliche Studien und Texte (Miinster, 190S).

JoH. Mabing.

Hilduin, Abbot of St-Denis, d. 22 November, 840. He was a scion of a prominent Prankish family, but the time and place of his nativity are unknown. He was educated in the school of Alcuin, acquired much erudition, and corresponded with Ralianus Maurus. Hincmar of Reims, his pupil, speaks of him with great respect. In 815 he obtained the Abbey of St- Denis near Paris; to which were added later the Abbeys of St-Germain des Pr^s, St^M^dard in Soissons, and St- Ouen. Emperor Louis the Pious appointed him his archchaplain in 819, or, more probably, not until 822. He accompanied Louis's son, Lothair, on his expedi- tion to Rome in 824, on which occasion the latter took part in the conflict over the election of Eugene II.

Hilduin brought back with him from Rome some relics of St. Sebastian and bestowed them on the Abbey of St-M6dard. In the war between Emperor Louis and his sons (830) Hilduin took the side of the latter. Thereby he lost his abbeys and was banished, first to Paderborn and then to the Abbey of Corvey (near Hoxter on the Weser). Abbot Warin of that monastery received him kindly, in return for which Hilduin presented him with the relics of St. Vitus, which thereafter were profoundly venerated in Cor- vey. No later than 831, however, Hilduin regained Louis's favour. He was reinstated in the Abbey of St -Denis, whereupon he successfully undertook a reform of that monastery. A few years later (835) Emperor Louis commissioned him to write a biography of St. Dionysius of Paris, the emperor's particular patron saint. Hilduin executed this commission, with the aid of the pseudo-Dionysius's writings, a copy of which had been sent to the Prankish court by the Byzantine Emperor Michael II, and of other authorities (Galenus, " Areopagitica", Cologne, 1653; P. L., CIV, 1326-28; CVI, 23-50). In his "Vita" Hilduin identified Dionysius of Paris with the Areop- agite Dionysius, a view not generally accepted at that time, but which Hilduin's biography popularized for several centuries, until Sismondi and others dis- pelled this error. Hilduin also helped to complete the Carlovingian " Reichsannalen", or imperial annals.

Calmette. Les abbes Hilduin an IX^siicle (Nogent, 1905): DiiMMLER, Geschichte des ostfrtinkischejl Rfiches, 2nd ed., I (1887); Kbert, Allgemeine Geschichte der Literatur des Mittelal- ters, II (1S90). :i4X sq. : Histoire littiTaire de la France, IV, 607- 13; MoNoD, Hilduin etles Annales Einhardi (Paris, 1895): Foss, I'ehcr den Af>t Hilduin von St. Denis und Dionysius Areopagita (Berlin, ISSti); Wattenbach, Deutschlands Geschiehtsquelten im Alittelalter, 7th ed., I (Berlin, 1904); Hurter, Nowenclator.

J. P. KiRSCH.

Hill, Richard, Venerable, Engli.sh Martyr, exe- cuted at Durham, 27 May, 159U. Verj' httle is known of him and his fellow-martyrs, John Hogg and Richard Holiday, except that they were Yorksbiremen who ar- rived at the English College at Reims, Holiday on 6 September, 1584, Hill on 15 May, 1587, and Hogg on 15 October, 1587; that all three were ordained sub- deacons at Soissons, 18 March, 1589, by Monsignor Jerome Hennequin, deacons 27 May and priests 23 Sep- tember at Laon by Monsignor Valentine Douglas, O. S. B.; that they with their fellow martyr Edmund Duke were sent on the English mission on the following 22 March and were arrested in the north of England soon after landing; that they were arraigned, condemned and executed at Durham under the statute 27 EUz. c. 2. With them suffered four felons who protested that they died in the same faith.

"Divers beholders, when these martyrs were offered their pardons if they would go to church, said boldly that they would rather <lie them.selves than any of them should relent, one saying (he had seven children) 'I would to God they might all go the same way in making such confession' . . . When their lieails were cut off and holden up, as the manner is, not one would say, 'God save the Queen', except the catch-polls themselves and a minister or two. " Two Protestant spectators, Robert Maire and his wife Grace, were converted. The place at which they were executed was called Dryburn, and afterwards a legend sprung up that it was so called because the well out of which the water was drawn to boil their quarters suddenl)' dried up. The place however had this name before their deaths.

Morris, The Troubles of Our Catholic Forefathers (London, 1872-7), III. 40; Mackenzie and Ross. Durham (Newcastle- upon-Tyne, 18.34). II. 400; Gillow. Bibl. Did. Eng. Cath.. II, 142; III, 309. 323; Knox. Records Enql. Cath. (London. 1878), I, passim; Register of St. Oswald's, Durham (Durham. 1K91).34.

J. B. Wainewright.

Hillel (Heb. (j^n, "he has praised"), a famous Jewish rabbi who Uved about 70 b. c. — a. d. 10. Our