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HEYWOOD

tion of his academic studies in Germany, presumably at Leipzig and Freiburg, he proceeded to Paris to pur- sue the study of philosophy and theology. Here he came in contact with the foremost representatives of Realism, who, recognizing his abilities and probable future influence, exerted their powers to the utmost to mould his mind after their own and thus make him like themselves a bitter opponent of Nominalism. Their efforts were successful. In 1464 he went to the Uni- versity of Basle and applied for admission to the pro- fessorial faculty of arts. The old controversy regard- ing the nature of Universals had not yet subsided and in the university of Basle Nominalism held sway. Hence in view of this and the maintenance of peace within the institution, the admission of Heynlin to the faculty was not accomplished without a most vigorous opposition. Once a member of the faculty he hoped to rid it of all Nominalistic tendencies nor was he dis- appointed in his expectation. In 1465 he became dean of the faculty of arts and in this capacity here- vised the university statutes and thus brought about a firmly established curriculum of studies. In 1466he returned to Paris, obtained the doctorate in theology, was in 1469 elected rector of the university and be- came professor of theology at the Sorbonne. His most noteworthy achievement was the establishment, in connexion with Fichet, of the first printing-press in Paris in 1470; Ulrich Gering and his two associates were put in charge of it and Heynlin gave valuable pecuniary aid to their undertakings, especially for the printing of the works of the Fathers. In 1478 he was called to teach theology in the newly founded Univer- sity of Tubingen, where his learning, eloquence and reputation securetl for him the same year the rector- ship. The opposition, however, he met from the Nominalists Gabriel Biel, Paul Scriptoris, and others, rendered his service here of short duration. He sev- ered his connexion with the university, proceeded to Baden-Baden and thence to Berne, where he engaged in preaching. Dissatisfied with Berne he returned to Basle, and tired of wandering, he entered in 1487 the Carthusian Monastery of St. Margarethenthal to spend his declining years in prayer and literary work. As a scholar and academic disputant Heynlin manifested an erudition and intellectual acumen of no mean order. Naturally of a peaceful disposition he was often forced by circumstances to play an important part in the theological controversies of his time. At his sugges- tion Johann Amerbach, the early printer of Basle, undertook the editing of the works of the ancient phil- osophical writers. Of his theological works the only important one thus far issued is the "Resolutorium dubiorum circa missarum celebrationem".

HuRTER. Nomendalor. s. v.: Prastl. Altq. deutsche Biogr., XII, 379; Biographic universetle, XXXIII. 2S9.

Joseph Schroeder.

Heywood, (1) J.\sper, poet and translator; b. 15.35 in London; d. 1.59S at Naples. As a boy he was page of honour to Princess (afterwards Queen) Elizabeth. In 1547 he was sent to Oxford, and took the degree of Bachelor of Arts in 155.3, and of Master in 15.58. In 1554 he was elected probationary fellow of Merton College where he distinguished himself in public and private disputations, in writing verse translations of Seneca's dramas, and in acting as Lord of Misrule at the Christmas festivities. He and his brother are said by Anthony a Wood to have been "for a time very wild ", and he resigned his fellowship to prevent expulsion in 1558. Later on, however, in the same year he was elected fellow of All Souls, but before long had to resign on account of his non-compliance with the new religious order of things under Elizabeth. Having been ordained priest he was admitted to the Society of Jesus at Rome in 1562. After two years at the Roman College he was made professor of moral philosophy and controversy at the Jesuit College of

Dillingen in Bavaria where he stayed for seventeen years. In 1570 he took the full Jesuit vows. In 1581 he came to England as a missionary with Father William Holt, and together they were the means of numerous conversions to the Catholic Faith. Father Heywood was appointed superior of the Enghsh Mis- sion in succession to Father Parsons. In the contro- versy then rife concerning the observance by English Catholics of the severe ancient fasts, Hej-wood opposed the rigid party. He was considered by the authori- ties to have erred on the side of laxity, and was there- fore recalled from England by his superiors. On this return journey he was arrested as a suspected priest, brought back to London and imprisoned. Several times he was examined by the Privy Council and strongly urged to conform, but neither bribes nor threats moved him, and he was brought up for trial at Westminster with other priests. Before the trial finished, however, he was taken to the Tower and closely imprisoned for seventeen months. Finally, he was exiled with others to the coast of France, and forbidden under pain of death to return. He then went to the Jesuit College at Dole in Burgundy, and in 1589 was sent to Rome and afterwards to Naples, where, worn out by the sufferings and liardships he had undergone, he died at the age of sixty-three.

His authentic literary work consists of: (1) transla- tions into English verse of three of Seneca's tragedies (the "Troas", "Thyestes", and "Hercules Furens"). He was the first to translate these into English. He takes liberties with the Latin text and occasionally introduces original matter. (2) Four poems in the Elizabethan collection known as the "Paradise of Dainty Devices", three didactic and one upon Easter Day. None is of much poetical value. He is known to have written many other verses not preserved. (3) According to Wood's statement, he also wrote "A Compendium of Hebrew Grammar". No edition of his Senecan translations has been issued since 1.591. The "Paradise of Dainty Devices" is reprinted in "Collier's Seven English Miscellanies" (London, 1867).

Cooper in Dirt. Xat. Biog.; Warton, Hist. English Poetry, ed. H.izLiTT. IV' (London, 1871); Gillow. Bihl. Did. Eng. Cath., Ill (London, 18S7); Oliver, Jcauii Collections; Wood, Aihence, ed. Bliss, I (Oxford, 1813).

K. M. Warren.

(2) John, father of the above, dramatist and epi- grammatist; b. probably c. 1497; d. about 1580. The first certain record of him is in 1515 as one of the king's singing men, receiving the wages of eightpence per day. He would seem to have been first a choir boy and after- wards retained as a singer at the Chapel Royal. He was perhaps also engaged to train companies of boy actors for court performances. Tradition says that he was a member of Broadgates Hall, now Pembroke College, Oxford, but nothing further is known of his college life. His wit and his musical gifts seem to have led to his promotion and general prosperity. He received an annuity of ten marks as king's servant in 1521, and in 1526 he was paid a sum as "player of the Virginals", while in 1.538 he again received payment for "playing an interlude with his children" before the Princess Mary. It was through Sir Thomas More, whose niece Eliza Rastell he had married, that he was introduced to the princess. It is probable that Hey- wood became attached to her retinue. He was a sincere Catholic and would seem to have got into trouble in Edward VI's reign for denying the king's spiritual supremacy. Unfortunately there is some proof, though not perhaps quite conclusive, that he publicly recanted this denial.

At the coronation of Queen Mary, however, he de- livered a Latin oration and he was undoubtedly "in complete sympathy with her policy in Church and State". There is evidence that he was a favourite with Mary, who could take, as Dr. A. W. Ward says, "an intelligent delight" in his accomplishments and