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HETTINGER

teenth century b. c, Hattusil had showed good polit- ical foresight in warning the Baljylonian king against the progress of Assyria. It was indeed at the hands of the Assyrians that the Hethites were to meet their doom. The first dated mention of the latter in the Assyrian documents is found in the annals of Theglath- phalasar I (about 1110 b. c). In various expeditions against the land of Kummukh (C'ommagene), he pene- trated farther and farther into the Hethite country; but he never succeeded in forcing his way across the fords of the Euphrates: the city of Carehemish, com- maniling them, compelled his respect.

The two hundred years which followed the death of Theglathphalasar I were for the Assyrian empire a period of decay. The relations of the Hethites with the Israelite kingdom, which, under David and Solo- mon, rose then to prominence, seem to have been few. David, we are told, had Hethites in his army and in his bodyguard (I Kings, xxvi, 6; II Kings, xi, 6, etc.); these were possibly descendants of the Hethites set- tled in S. Palestine. Bethsabee, Solomon's mother, perhaps belonged to their race. At any rate, it seems that Adarezer, King of Soba, was endeavouring to extend his possessions at the expense of the Hethites' Syrian dominion (II Kings, viii, 3) when he was smitten by David. It is known also from II Kings, xxiv, (5, that the officers of David went as far as Cades on the Orontes (Hel^rew text to be corrected) when they were sent to take the census of Israel. The text of III Kings, x, 28, sq., adds that in Solomon's time Israelite merchants bought horses in Egypt and from the Syrian and Hethite princes. What Adarezer could not effect the rulers of Damascus succeeded in doing; they built up their power partly out of the empire of Solomon and partly out of the Hethite dominion, which betokens that the once unshaken supremacy of Carehemish was apparently on the wane. Of this the inscriptions of Assurnasirpal (885-S60) leave no doubt. Renewing the campaigns of Theglathphalasar I against the Eastern Hethite tribes, he succeeded in crossing the Euphrates; Carehemish escaped assault at the hands of the .A-Ssyrian conqueror Ijy Ijuying him off at a tremendous price. Continuing his raid west- wards, Assurnasirpal appeared before the capital of the Ivhattinians: like Carehemish, the city bribed him away and induced him to turn towards the Phceni- cian cities. A few centuries of profitable commercial operations had, it seems, altogether changed the warlike spirit of the once aggressive Hethite race. Year after year Shalmaneser II (860-82.5)— D. V. Salmanasar — led his armies against the various Hethite states, with the purpose of possessing himself of the high road between Phoenicia and Ninive. The over- throw of the Khattinians finally aroused once more the warlike spirit of the Hethite princes; a league was formed under the leadership of Sangara of Carehe- mish; but the degenerate Hethites, unable to with- stand the Assyrian onslaught, were compelled to purchase peace by the payment of a heavy tribute (855). This victory, breaking the power of the Heth- ites of SjTia, and reducing them to the rank of triliu- taries, opened to the AssjTians the way to Phcenicia and Palestine. The very next year Shalmaneser came into contact with Damascus and Israel. Car- ehemish, however, was still in the hands of the Heth- ites. A period of decadence for the Assyrian empire followed Shalmaneser's death; during this period the mutual relations of the two nations appear to have remained unaltered. But new enemies from the East were pressing close on the land of the Hethites. Vannic inscriptions record the raids of Menuas, King of Dushpas, against the cities of Surisilis and Tarkhi- gamas, in the territory of the Hethite prince Sada- halis. In another expedition Menuas defeated the King of Gupas and overran the Hethite country as far as Malatiyeh. Menuas's son, Argistis I, again marched his armies in the same direction, conquering

the country along the banks of the Euphrates from Palu to Malatiyeh. The accession of Theglath-pha- lasar III (745) put a stop to the conquests of the Vannic kings; but this meant no respite for the much weakened Hethites; their country indeed was soon again visited by the Assyrian troops, and, in 739, ICing Pisiris of Carehemish had to pay tribute to the Ninivite ruler. Profiting, it seems, by the political troubles which marked the close of the reign of Shal- maneser IV, Pisiris, with the help of some neighbour- ing chieftains, declared himself independent. It was, however, of no avail; in 717 Carehemish fell before Sargon, its king was made a prisoner, and its wealth and trade passed into the hands of the Assyrian colo- nists estaljlished there by the conqueror. The fall of the great Hethite capital resoundeil through the whole Eastern world and found an echo in the prophetical utterances of Isaias (x, 9); it marked mdeed the final doom of a once powerful empire. Henceforth the Hethites, driven Ijack to their original home in the fastnesses of the Taurus, ceased to be reckoned among the peoples worth retaining the attention of historians.

Sayce, The Hamathite Inscriptions in Transactions of the Society of Biblical Archwology, V, p. 27-29; Idem, The Monu- ments of the Hittites, ibid.. VII, pp. 251, 284; Idem, The Hit- tites. The Story of a Forgotten Empire (3rd ed., London, 1903); Wrioht. The Empire of the Hittiles (London. 1884); CoNDER, Heth and Moab (London, 1889); Idem, Altaic Hiero- glyphs and Hittite Inscriptions (London, 1SS7); Idem. The Hittites and their language (London, 1898); Ma.spero, Histoire ancienne des peuples de I'Orient classique, II (Paris, 1S97); De Lantsheere, De la race et de la langue des Hittites in Compte rendu du congris scientifique international des catholiques (1891); Idem, Hittites et Omorites (Brussels, 1887); Halevt, La langue des Hittites d'aprts les textes assyriens in Recherches Bibliques, pp. 270-2S8; ViGouRoux. Les Hfthcens de la Bible, leur histoire et leurs monuments in Melanges bibliques (2nd ed., Paris, 1S89); Jensen, Hittiter und Armenien (Strasburg. 1898); Winckler, Die im Sommer 1906 in Kleinasien ausgefiihrten Ausgrabungen in Orientolistische Litteratur-Zeitung (15 Dec. 1906); Idem in Miiteilungen der Orient-Gesellschaft (Dec, 1907).

Chahles L. Souvay.

Hettinger, Franz, Catholic theologian: b. 13 January, 1819, at Aschaffenburg; d. 26 January, 1890, at Wiirzburg. He attended the gjnnnasium in his native city and afterwards, from 1836 to 1839, the academy in the same city, where he finished philosophy and began theology. As the teaching of the latter science was discontinued in this academy in 1839, he entered the ecclesiastical seminary at Wiirzburg and continued his studies there from the autumn of 1839 to that of 1841. Acting on the ad- vice of Bishop Georg Anton Stahl of \\' (irzliurg, who had taught him Christian doctrine in the gymnasium of Aschaffenburg, and had then been his professor of dogmatic theology at Wurzburg until 1840, he went to Rome in the fall of 1841 for a four years' course in the German College. Here he was ordained on 23 September, 1843, by Cardinal Patrizi, antl upon the completion of his studies, in 1845, he received the degree of Doctor of Theology. In the first volume of his work, "Aus Welt und Kirohe", Hettinger gives a full and interesting account of his student days in Rome.

After his return home, he was made chaplain at Alzenau, 3 October, 1845. On 25 October, 1847, he was appointed assistant, and on 20 May, 1852, sub- regent, in the ecclesiastical seminary of Wurzburg. On 1 June, 1856, he became extraordinary professor, and on 16 May, 1857, ordinar\f professor, of patrology and propaedeutics in the University of Wiirzliurg. He took up the teaching of apologetics and homiletics, with the direction of the homiletic seminary, on 1 January, 1867. From 1871 he lectured on dogmatic theology in the place of Denzinger, whose health had failed, and after the latter's death, he became ordinary professor of dogmatic theology (16 Dec, 1884). In 1S59 he received the honorary degree of Doctor of Philosophy from the philosophical faculty of Wiirz- burg. Twice, 1862-63 and 1S67-6S, he "was rector