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 HERRAD

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HERRERA

was reprinted five times before 1611, and translated into French, German, etc. The whole work com- prises three parts: "Soliloquiura divini Anioris", " Directorium Aureum contemplativorum", "Para- disus contemplativorum". The second part, the most famous, was written originally in Flemish (Spiegel der Volcomenheyt), printed in 1501, etc.; then, with several short treatises on kindred matters, it was translated into Latin under the title given above (Cologne, 1513, etc.), into Italian, Spanish, German, etc. The edition of the mystical theology, dedicated to St. Ignatius in 1556 by Loher, was censured by the Index (1559, 15S0, 15S3, etc.). Corrected editions followed with an " Introduotio ad doctrinam" (Rome, 1585), an " Index Expurgatorius" (Paris, 1598), where can be found, as well as in the " Index of Sotomayor" (1640), the opinions to be corrected. As a whole and in the chief divisions of his doctrine, Herp shows several points of contact with his compatriot John of Ruysbroeck; he has some beautiful passages on the love of God and of Christ. The Franciscan Chapter of Toledo in 1663 recommended his works as standard writings in mystic theology.

Dirks, Histoire lilleraire et bibliographique des Frhres Mineurs de I' Observance en Belaiqiie etdans Us Pays-Bos (Antwerp^ 1885); Reusens in Bibliographie Rationale, IX (1886-7), 278-284; ScHLAGER, Beilraye zur Geschichte der htlnischen Franziskaner Ordensprovinz im M. A. (Cologne, 1904). and Zum Leben des Franziskaners H. Harp in Der Katholik (1905), II, 46-48.

J. DE GhELLINCK.

Herrad of Landsberg (or Landsperg), a twelfth- century abbess, author of the "Hortus Deliciarum"; b. aliout 1 130, at the castle of Landsberg, the seat of a noble Alsatian family; d. 1195. At an early age she entered the convent of Odilienberg, or Hohenburg, which crowns one of the most beautiful of the Vosges mountains, about fifteen miles from Strasburg. Here she succeeded to the dignity of Abbess in 1167, and continued in that office until her death. As early as 1165 Herrad had begun within the cloister walls the work "Hortus Deliciarum", or "Garden of Delights", by which she is best known. The text is a compen- dium of all the sciences .studied at that time, including theology. The work, a.s one would expect from what we know of the literary activity of the twelfth century, does not exhibit a high degree of originality. It shows, however, a wide range of reading and when we remember that it was intended for the use of the nov- ices of Odilienberg, we are enabled to glean from it a correct idea of the state of education in the cloister schools of that age. Its chief claim to distinction is the illustrations, three hundred and thirty-six in num- ber, which adorn the text. Many^ of these are sym- bolical representations of theological, philosophical, and literary themes, some are historical, some repre- sent scenes from the actual experience of the artist, and one is a collection of portraits of her sisters in re- ligion. The technique of some of them has been very much admired and in almost everj' instance they show an artistic imagination which is rare in Herrad's con- temporaries. The poetry which accompanies the ex- cerpts from the writers of antiquity and from pagan authors is not the least of Herrad's titles to fame. It has, of course, the defects peculiar to the twelfth cen- tury, faults of quantity, words and constructions not sanctioned by classical usage, and peculiar turns of phrase which would hardly pass muster in a school of Latin poetry at the present time. However, the sen- timent is sincere, the lines are musical, and above all admirably adapte<l to the purpose for which they were intended, namely, the service of God by song. Her- rad, indeed, tells" us that she considers her comnumity to be a congregation gathered together to serve God by singing the divine praises. The fate of Herrad 's man- uscript is well-known. After having been preserved for centuries at her own monastery it passed about the time of the French Revolution into the municipal

library of Stra.sburg. There the miniatures were copied by Engelhardt in 1818. The text was copied and published by Straub and Keller, 1879-1899. Thus, although the original perished in the burning of the Lilirary of Strasburg during the siege of 1870, we can still form an estimate of the artistic and literary value of Herrad's work.

Str.\ub u. Keller, Hortus Deliciarum, folio ed. with i^lates (Strasburg, 1899); Engelhardt, Herrad von LandsberQ (Stutt- gart and Tubingen, 1819); Schmidt, Herrade de Landsberg (Strasburg, 1892>; articles in: Bihl. de I'ecole des Charles, I, 2.39: Gazette d' archeologie, IX. .57; Congrcs archeol. de France, XX-XVI. 274; see chapter in Eckstein, Woman under Monas- ticism (Cambridge, 1896), 238 sqq.

William Turner.

Herregouts. — There were three artists of the name of Herregouts, father, son, and grandson, of whom the chief was Hendrik, the son of David, and the father of Jan.

D.^viD Herregouts, historical painter; b. at Mech- lin in 1603; d. at Ruremonde. He was a pupil of his cousin Salmier and a member of the corporation of painters in his own city in 1624. The latter part of his life he spent at Ruremonde, where he was received in 1647 a member of the Guild of St. Luke. One of his pictures is still preserved in the little town, but his chief work, "St. Joseph .\ wakened by an Angel", is at Mechlin in the church of St. Catherine.

Hendrik, his son ;b. at Mechlin in lli33;d.at .\ntwerp in 1724. When his father left Mechlin for Ruremonde, Hendrik went to Rome, to which city he became so attached that he added the name of Romain to his signature on certain of his pictures. We hear of him at Cologne in 1660, where he was married the follow- ing year. In 1664 he was admitted a member of the Guild of St. Luke at Antwerp and practised his art in that city. Two years afterwards he came back to Mechlin and was admitted into the guild there, remaining in his native place for some years. In 1680 he was once more in Antwerp, and his studio was full of pupils, one of them being Abraham Goddyn. His best work, "The Last Judgment", is now to be seen at Bruges; his "Martyrdom of St. Matthew" in the cathedral at Antwerp is a very fine picture, and in Brussels there are two important works, the chief of which is "St. Jerome in the De-sert". Hi? \vas em- ployed by the Corporation of .\ntwcrp to design and eventually decorate a triimiphal arch which was erected to celebrate the jubilee of the restoration of the Catholic Faith in the city, and for this work, which was executed in 1685, he was thanked and honoured by the citizens. His work is imposing, as the figures are noble and expressive, and the colouring admirable.

Jan, d. at Bruges, 1721. It is uncertain where Jan was born. Some authorities say his birth took place at Rome, others Termonde. Of his early life we know nothing, the first date we have in con- nexion with him being 1677, when he was admitted to the Guild of St. Luke at .\ntwerp. He eventually settled in Bruges, was a member of its guild, held many important positions in its Corporation, and was one of the founders of its Academy. It was there he died in 1721, and his best pictures are to be seen in the Academy, and in tlic churches of St. Anne and of the Carmelites. His portraits of his grandfather and of himself are admirable, and his chief picture in the Car- melites' church is of the Blesseil Virgin and saints kneeling before Christ. He practised engraving and also etching, his "St. Cecilia" being a notable work. He was an artist of distinct merit, and his colour- ing is particularly good.

Sandrart. German Academy: Werdenberger und Obertoggen- burger (1902).

George Charles Williamson.

Herrera, Fernando de, Spanish lyric poet; b. 1 537 ; d. 1 597 . The head of a school of lyric poets who gathered about him at Seville, Herrera was an avowed