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HERMON

tralia, among them, James Alipius Gould. The Irish Augustinian college of St. Patrick at Rome, built in 18S4 by Father Patrick Glynn, O.S.A., is the training college for the Australian missions. The present rec- tor is Reginald Maurice JIcGrath.

AuGDSTiNi.^N Nuns. — These regard as their first foundation the monastery of nuns for which St. Au- gu.stine WTote the rules of life in his Epistola ccxi (alias cix) in 423. It is certain that this epistle was called the Rule of St. .\ugustine for nuns at an early date, and has been followed as the rule of life in many female monasteries since the eleventh century. These monasteries were not consolidated in 1256, like the religious communities of Augustinian monks. Each convent was independent and was not subject to the general of the order. This led to differences in rule, dress, and mode of life. Only since the fifteenth cen- tury have certain Augustinian Hermits reformed a number of Augustinian nunneries, become their spir- itual directors, and induced them to adopt the Consti- tution of their order. Henceforth, therefore, we meet with female members of the Order of Hermits of St. Augustine in Italy, France, Spain, Belgiimi, and later in Germany, where, however, many were suppressed during the Reformation, or by the secularizing law of 1S03. la the other countries many nunneries were closed in consequence of the Revolution. The still existing hou.ses, except Cascia, Renteria (Diocese of Vittoria), Eibar (Diocese of Vittoria), and Cracow, are now under the jurisdiction of the bishop of the diocese. Many convents are celebrated for the saints whom they produced, such as Montefalco in Central Italy, the home of Blessed Clara of the Cross (Clara of Monte- falco, d. 130S), and Cascia, near Perugia, where St. Rita died in 1457. In the suppressed convent of Agnetenberg near Diilmcn, in Westphalia, lived Anne Catherine Emmerich celebrated for her visions.

Mention should also be made of the monastery of the .\ugustinians called delle Vergini, at Venice, founded in 1177 by Alexander III after his reconcilia- tion with Frederick Barbarossa, whose daughter Julia, with twelve girls of noble birth, entered the monastery and became first abbess. Doge Sebastiano Zani, who had endowed the institution, was appointed patron, with the privilege of approving the election of the abbess Ijefore the granting of the papal confirmation. On the French occupation in the eighteenth century the religious went to America, where they devoted themselves to the work of teaching and the care of the sick. Later they established monasteries in Italy and in 1817 at Paris. Towards the end of the sixteenth century communities of female Discalced Augustin- ians appeared in Spain. The first convent, that of the Visitation, was founded at Madrid, in 15S9, by Pru- dencia Grillo, a lady of noble birth, and received its Constitution from Father Alfonso of Orozco. Juan de Ribera, Archbishop of Valencia (d. 1611), founded a second Discalced Augustinian congregation at Alcoy, in 1597. It soon had houses in different parts of Spain, and in 1603 was established at Lisbon by C^uoen Louise of Portugid. In addition to the Rule of St. .\ugustine these religious oliserved the exercises of the Reformed Carmelites of St. Teresa. In the convent at Cybar, Mariana Manzanedo of St. Jo.seph instituted a reform which led to the establishment of a third, that of the female .\ugustinian Recollects. The statutes, drawn up by Father .A.ntini')lez, and later confirmed by Paul V, bound the sisters to the strictest interpretation of the rules of poverty and obedience, and a rigorous penitential discipline. .411 three reforms spread in Spain and Portugal, but not in other countries. \ congregation of .\ugustinian nuns under the title "Sisters of St. Ignatius" was introduced into the Philippines and South .\merica by the Discalced .\u- gustinian Hermits. They worked zealously in aid of the missions, schools, and orphanages in the island, and founded the colleges of Our Lady of Consolation

and of St. Anne at Manila, and houses at Neuva Segovia, Cebii, and Mandaloya on the Pasig, where they have done much for the education of girls.

Pa.n'vini, Augustiniani Ordinis Chronican per annorum sfriem digeslum a S. P. Augustino ad a. 1510; Roman, Cruhiia de la Orden de los Eremitanos de Padre San Agustin (Salamanca, 1569): PA.MPHILUS, Chroniion O. Erem. S. A. et eit/s riri vel aanctitale vel rebus geatis iltuslres {Home, 1581); E.m|'Oi.i. i(u//a- rium O. Erem. S. A. ab Innoeenlio 111 uscjue ad Irbanum VI, eum Catalogo Priorum, Copitularium, ProeuratuTuvi, Otntralium, etc. (Kome. 1628); Tohelli. SicUi Agostmiani (Bologna. 1659- 86); DE Herrera, Alpiiabelum Augustinian urn in quo doinicilia et monasttria, viri firmincrque illuilres Eremitici Ordinis reren- senlur (.Madrid, 1644); Kolde. Die deuische Aiigustiner-Kongre- galion undjohann von Staupilz (Gotha. 1875): Paulcs in //t«- lorisches Jahrbuch, XII, 6S sqq.; XXII. 110 sqq.; XXI\. 72 sqq.: and Hisloriach-politische hlatttr. CXLII. I'.iH sqq.: Cnu- SE.MUS, Monasticon Augustinianum (Munich, 1623), conlinued by TiRSO, 1903: H£lyot, Hiatoire des Ordrea, II-H, especially III; Privilegia Erem. S.Aug, aive Mare Magnum (Pesaro, 1615); Maiocchi and Casacca. edd.. Codex diploniaticus O. Erem. S. Auguatini Papiw (:i vols.. Pavia, 1907): HEiMBtirnER. Die Orden und Kongregalionen der katholiachen Kirclte, II {2nd ed., Paderboni, 1907), 177 sqq., where other books of reference are indicated: Bauer, s. v. Augustiner in Kirehenlrx.. I, 1655 sqq.; .inalecta Auguatiniana (periodical, Rome, 1907 — ): Eeviata Agusliniana, later. La Ciudad de Dioa (.Mntlrid, 1881 — ).

On the Discalced Augustinians. — .ANDHt.s de San NkolXs, Iliatoria de loa Agusltnos deacahos (Madrid. 1644): Sacra Eremua Auguatiniana sive de Inatilutione fratrum Emtiitarum exralreaiorum O. S. Aug. (Cambrai, 165.S): Pierre de Ste- Helene, Abrcge de I'hisloire des Augualina dcchaussis (Hoiien, 1672): Andrada. Virorum iUustrium. . . exegesis summaria (Prague, 1674) : Conatituiiones de la Cong, de destaUoa Aguatinoa (Mridrid. 1590): Constitutiones eongregationis Italice (Rome, 1623-32): Constitutiones Congregatior.ia (lalliranw (Lyons, 165:0: Andres de S. Nicoi.as, Provenlus niesaia Dom. FF. Exealceatorum O. Erem. S. Aug. eongr. Hiapaniw (Rome. 1656).

On the Hagiology of the Order. — Staibanus de Tahanta, Tempio Eremitano dei Santi e Beati delV ordine Agoaliniano (Naples, 160S); ToRELM, liiatretlo (Bologna, 1647): Jua. Navii Eremus Aufiustiniana (Louvain, 1658): Maigreth's, Marlyrologium Augustinianum (.Antwerp, 1625): Hor.mann- SEDER, Heiliges Augustim-rjahr (\'ieniia, 1733); De VVouter, Saintes de I'ordre de St-Auguatin (Toumai).

On .Augustinian Writers. — Elsits. Encomiasticon Augitsti^ nianum (Brussels, 1654): Curtius, Virorum iUustrium. . . elogia (.Antwerp, 1636, 16.58): Gratianus, Anastaaia Augua- tiniana (.Antwerp, 1613), continued by LoY (Antwerp. 1636); Ari'E, Pantheon Augustinianum (Genoa, 1709): Ossinger, Bibliotheea .Augustininna historica, crilica et ehronologica (Ingol- stadt and Munich, 1776): Moral, Catalogo de eacnlores Agua- tinoa Eapailolea, Portugueses y Americanos in La Ciudad de Dioa, XXXIV sqq.

Ou .Augustinian Missions. — Calancha, Crdnica moralizada de la drdcn de San Agualin en el Peru (Barcelona, 1638): Bal- DANi, Vitn del fra Diego Ortiz, protomartire nel regno di Peru, martirizzato I'a. 1571 (Genoa, 1645): Brclics, Hiatorice Peru- anae O. Erem. .S. Aug. (.Antwerp, 1651 — ); The Philippine Lilanda H93--1S9S (Cleveland, 1903—); Caspar de S. Acds- tt'.n, Conquista de las ialas Filipinos (Madrid, 1698), continued by Diaz (Valladolid, 1890); Mozo, Noticia de los triumvhoa . . . de la Orden de San Ag. en las misionea en laa ialas Fili- pinna y en imperio de la China (Madrid. 1763): Memoria acerca de laa Misiones de los PP. Aguatinoa Calzadoa (Madrid, 1892); Los Frailes Filipinos (.Madrid, 1898): Doeumentoa intereaanlea acerca de la aecularizari/in y amovildad de los Curas Regulares de Filipinas (Madrid, 1897): Franc'isc<) del Carme.n, Catalogo de los religiosoa Aguatinoa Hecolelos de la Provijicia de San .\icold8 de Tolcntino de Filipinas dcade 1606 haata neustros diaa (Madrid, 1906).

M.\x Heimbucher.

Hermon [jioin, sacred (mountain); Sept.,'Aep;i(ic], a group of mountains forming the southern extremity of .\nti-Lebanon, ;inil m:irking on the cast of the Jor- dan the northern bcumdary of Israel. The primitive name among the Sidonians was Siri/nn, and by the Amorrhites the most jjrominent p:irt of the group was calle<l Sanir (l)eut., iii, 9), corresponding to the Sa-tii-ru of the cuneiform inscriptions. These vary- ing forms all signify a cuirass or coat of armour, and wore probably applied to one or other of the peaks, either on account of its shape, or because its snow- clad heights shone in the sunlight after the manner of a poli.shed shield. The name sometimes occurs in the plural form Hermonim, doubtless because the range h:is three conspicuous peaks. In the Talmud and in the Targums Hermon is designateil the "mountain of snow ", and the same appellation is used by the old Arab geographers. The modern name is Jebel-esh- Sheikh, " mount;iin of the sheikh or chief '', because in the tenth century a. d. Hermon became the centre of