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 HERMITS

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HERMITS

and Michelangelo Marcelli (d. 1S04). The following were notable theologians: James of ^'iterbo (Giacomo di Capoccio), Archbishop of Benevento and Naples (d. 130S), called Doctor speciilativus; Alexander a S. Elpideo (also called Fassitelli or A. de Marchia) (d. 1326), Bishop of Melfi; Augustinus Triuraphus (d. 1328); Bartholomew of Urbino (also called de Caru- sis) (d. 1350), Bishop of Urbino; Henry of Friemar (d. 1354); Blessed Herman of Schildesche (Schildis, near Bielefeld) (d. 1357), called Doctor Germanus and Magnus legista; Giacomo Caraccioli (d. 1357); Simon Baringuedus (d. after 1373); Johann Klenkok (Klenke) (d. 1374), author of the "Decadicon", an attack upon the " Sachsenspiegel " ; Johannes Zacharice (d. 1428), known for his controversy with John Hus at the Council of Constance and for his " Oratio de necessitate reformationis " ; Paulus (Nico- lettus) de Venetiis (d. 1429); Giovanni Dati (d. 1471); Ambrose of Cora (Corianus, Coriolanus) (d. 1485), general of the order after 1470; Thomas Pencket (d. 1487); jEgidiusof Viterbo (d. 1532); Cosmas Damian Hortulanus (Hortola) (d. 1568); Caspar Casal (d. 1587), Bishop of Coimbra; Pedro Aragon (d. 1595); Giovanni Battista Arrighi (d. 1607); Gregorio Nunez Coronel (d. 1620); jEgidius a Priesentatione Fonseca (d. 1626) ; Luigi Albert! (d. 1628) ; Basilius Pontius (d. 1629); Ludovicus Angelicas Aprosius (d. 1681); Niko- laus Gircken (d. 1717). Giovanni Miehele Cavalieri (d. 1757) was a rubricist of note. Father Angelo Rocca, papal sacristan and titular Bishop of Tagaste (d. 1620), known for his liturgical and archaeological researches, was the founder of the Angelica Library (Bibliotheca Angelica), which was called after him and is now the public library of the Augustinians in Rome.

Many Augustinians have written ascetic works and sermons. In the department of historical research tlie following are worthy of mention; Onofrio Panvini (d. 1568); Joachim Brulius (d. after 1652), who wrote a history of the colonization and Christianizing of Peru (Antwerp, 1615), also a history of China; Enrique Florez (d. 1773), called "the first historian of Spain", author of " Espana Sagrada"; and, lastly, Manuel Risco (d. 1801), author of a history of printing in Spain.

To the missionaries of the order we owe many valu- able contributions in linguistics. Father Melchor de Vargas composed, in 1576, a catechism in the Mexican Otomi language; Father Diego Basalenque (d. 1651) and Miguel de Guevara compiled works in the lan- guages of the savage Matlaltzinkas of Mexico; Father Manuel P^rez translated the Roman Catechism into Aztec in 1723. Others have made researches in the languages of the Philippine Islands, such as Father Diego Bergano and, in more recent times, Josi5 Sequi (d. 1844), a prominent missionary of the order, who baptized 30,000 persons. Many wrote grammars and compiled dictionaries. Father Herrera wrote a poet- ical life of Jesus in the Tagalog language in 1639. Fathers Martin de Hereda and Hieronymus pene- trated into the interior of China in 1577, to study Chinese literature with the intention of bringing it into Europe. Father Antonius Aug. Georgius (d. 1797) composed the "Alphabetum Tibetanum" for the use of missionaries. Father Agostino Ciasca (d. 1902), titular Archbishop of Larissa and cardinal, a prominent member of the orfler in recent times, established a special faculty for Oriental languages at the Roman Seminary, published an Arabic translation of Tatian's " Diatessaron " and wrote " Bibliorum Fragmenta Copto-Sahidiea". Father Dionysius of Borgo San Sepolcro (d. 1342), Bishop of Monopoli in Lower Italy, is the author of a commentary on the "Factorum et dictorum memoraliilium libri IX" of Valerius Maximus, and was also much esteemed for his talents as poet, philosopher, and orator. The mission- aries of the order have also given us valuable descrip-

tive works on foreign countries and peoples. In this class of writing Cipriano Navarro's important work on "The Inliabitants of the Philippines" and a monu- mental work in six volumes entitled " La Flora de Filipinas" (Madrid, 1877 — ), are valuable contribu- tions to literature and learning. Manuel Blanco, Igna- cio Mercado, Antonio Llanos, Andres Naves, and Celestino Ferndndez are also worthy of mention. Fathers Angelo P^rez and Cecilio Guemes published in 1905 a work in four volumes entitled "La Im- prenta de Manila ".

A number of mathematicians, astronomers, and musicians are also found among the members of the order, but it was the great scientist, Johann Gregor Mendel, abbot of the monastery of St. Thomas at Alt- Briinn in Moravia (d. 1884) who shed glory on the Augustinian Order in recent times. He was the dis-

Chdrch of S. Agostino, Rome

coverer of the Mendelian laws of heredity and hj'bridi- zation (see under Evolution, V, 659; and Mendel, Gregor). The value set upon learning and science by the Augustinian monks is i)roved by the care given to their libraries and by the establishment of their own printing-press in their convent at Nuremberg, in 1479, as well as by the numerous learned men produced by the order and still contributing valuable additions to knowledge. Father Tomds Crimaro y Castro (d. 1904), Bishop of Salamanca, founded a scientific peri- odical, "La Ciudad de Dios", formerly entitled ' Re- vista Agustiniana", and published by the Augustin- ians at Madrid since 1881. In Spain the order pos- sesses besides several meteorological stations, the observatory of the Escorial. Among the Augustinian writers of the present time should be mentioned: Zaca- rias Martinez Nunez, a celel^rated Spanish orator and master of natural science; Honorato del Val, author of a great work on dogma; Aurelio Palmieri, one of the best authorities on the Russian language, litera- ture, and church history.

The .Augustinian Order has devoted itself from its beginning, with great zeal to the cure of souls. Only those engaged in teaching and inmates of the houses of recollection, among the Discalced, are exempt from