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 HERMENGILD

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HERMES

right; (7) if the question of right be answered in the affirmative, it is followed by the question of fact: does the teaching of the Church, or the analogy of faith, or again the unanimous consent of the Fathers maintain the stability of the earth? Or even if the second question be answered in the negative, is there any unanimous consent of the Fathers on this point which compels the reverent consideration of the Catho- lic interpreter? A careful study of these points will show how the rules of hermeneutics affect the judg- ment passed on Galileo.

SzKKELY, HermeneiUica Biblica GeneraXia (Freiburg, 1902); Zapletal, Hermcnrutica Biblica (Freiburg. 1S97, 1901); Lesar, Compendium llirnicnfulicum (Laybach, ISOl, 1899); Le Blanc d'Ambonne. Lc Innsaoe si/tnbolique el le sens spiriluel des eainlea Ecritures (Paris, 1S89); Vigoukoux, Lch livres saints el la critique rationalisle (Paris, 1886-90); Cornely, Introductio generalis in S. Script. (Paris, 1885): Schneedorfer, Si/nopsis Hermcn. Biblic. (Prague. 1885); Panek, Hermen. Biblic. in usum as, theol. sludiosorum (Olmiitz, 1884); Reithmayr, Le/irbuch der bibl. Hermen. (Kempten, 1874); Dank*'), De S. Script, ejusque interpretatione (Vienna, 1867); Lamy, Introduct. in S. Script, generalis (Louvain. 1866; Mechlin. 1893); Kohl- GRUBER, Herm. bibl. generalis (Vienna, 1850); Vigouroux, Les ecoles exegCtiques chrtliermes aux premiers aiecles in Revue biblique (1892), 53 sriq.: Guericke. De schold, quee Alexandria floruit catechetic i (Halle, 1824); Kingsi.ey, Alexandria and her Schools (London, 1S54); KlHN. Die Bedeutung der antio- chenischen Schule auf dcm exegetischen Gebiele (Weissenbvirg. 1866): Hehgenriither. Die antiochenische Schule und Hire Bedeutung auf exegetischem Gcbiete (Wiirzburg, 1866) ; Forster. Chrysostomus in seinem Verhiiltnis zur antiochenischen Schule (Gotha. 1869); Chase, Chrysostom, a Study in the History of Biblical interpretation (London, 1887); see also the literature under Exegesis.

A. J. Maas.

Hermengild, Saint, date of birth unknown; d. 13 April, 56.5. Leovigild, the Arian King of the Visi- goths (569-SG), had two sons, Ilermengild and Rec- cared, by his first marriage with the Catholic Princess Theodosia. Hermengild married, in 576, Ingundis, a Frankish Catholic princess, the daughter of Sige- bcrt and Brunhilde. Led by his own inclination, and influenced by his wife as well as by the instructions of St. Leandcr of Seville, he entered the Catholic fold. Lcovigild's second wife, Goswintha, a fanatical Arian, hated her daughter-in-law and sought by ill-treatment to force her to abandon the Catholic Faith. Her- mengild had accordingly withdrawn, with his father's sanction, to Andalusia, and had taken his wife with him. But when Leovigild learned of his son's con- version he summoned him back to Toledo, which command Hermengild did not obey. The fanatical Arianism of his step-mother, and his father's severe treatment of Catholics in Spain, stirred him to take up arms in protection of his oppressed co- religionists and in defence of his own rights. At the same time he formed an alliance with the Byzantines. Leovigild took the field against his son in 5S2, pre- vailed on the Byzantines to betray Hermengild for a sum of 30,000 gold .soUdi, besieged the latter in Se- ville in 5S3, and captured the city after a siege of nearly two years. Hermengild sought refuge in a church at Cordova, whence he was enticed by the false promises of Leovigild, who stripped him in camp of his royal raiment and banished liim to Valenci;i (,384). His wife, Ingundis, fled with her .son to Africa, where she dietl, after which the boy was given, by order of Emperor .Mauritius, into the hands of his grandmother, Brunhilde. We are not fully informed as to Hermengild's subsequent fate.

Gregory the Great relates (Dialogi, HI, 31, in P. L., LXVII, 289-93) that Leovigild sent an Arian Ijisho]) to him in his prison, on Easter Eve of 585, with a promise that he would forgive him all, provided he consented to receive Holy Communion from the hands of this bishop. But Hermengild firmly refused thus to abjure his Catholic Ijelief, and was in consequence beheaded on Easter Day. He was later venerated as a martyr, and Sixtus V (1.585), acting on the sug- gestion of King Philip IF extended the celebration of his feast (13 April) throughout the whole of Spain.

AclaSS., April, II, 134-138; Gams, Kirchcngeschichte Spani- ens, II (Ratisbon, 1864), i, 489 SC44.; II (1874), ii, 1 sqq.; GoH- res. Hermengild in Zeitschrift fur historische Theologie, 1873, 1-109; Leclercq, L'Eapagne chrctienne (Paris, 1906), 254 sqq.

J. P. KmscH.

Hermes, Saint, martyr. Bishop of Salona (Spalato), in Dalmatia. Very little is known about him; in Rom., xvi, 14, St. Paul says: ''Salute .Asyncritus, Phlegon, Hermas, Patrobas, Hermes, and the brethren that are with them." This last name is suptiosed liy many to refer to the suljject of this article, who is also said to have succeeded "Titus as Bishop of Dalmatia, and to have been martyred. A passing mention is made of a Hernias in the .-Vcta SS. Bolland., April 8, under Herodion; and Pape says he was one of the seventy-two disciples of Our Lord. Hermes was a very common name among slaves. Migne (P. G., 4 November) says he was one of the seventy disciples, along with Patrobas, Linus, Gains and Philologus; and Canisius talks of a "Herma'us presbyter". . . who converted many from idols to Christ, suffered for his faith with Nicander, Bishop of Myra, and was "lace- rated and hanged".

De Soyres in Diet. Christ. Biog., s. v. Hermes (2); Menaa, 4 Nov.; Menologium Basilianum, 4 Nov.; Migne, P. G., CXVII, 143; Farlati, niyric. Sacr. (1751). i, 39:S-404; Pape, Wi^ler- buch der griechischen Eigennamer (1863-70), I, 3S2-4; Canisius, Lectionea Antiquw (Amsterdam, 1725), III, pt. I, 4S4.

C. F. Wkmyss Brown.

Hennes, George, philosopher and theologian, b. at Dreierwalde near Rhcine (Westphalia), 22 April, 1775; d. at Boim on the Rhine, 2(1 May, 1831. After completing his cour.se in the gynmasium, or high school, at Rheine, Hermes studied philosophy at the University of Minister from 1792 until 1704. He then took up theology in order to remove the doubts re- garding faith awakened in his mind by the study of Kant and Fichte. Initiated as he was into the science of theology by professors of limited ability, and alto- gether di.ssatisficd with the traditional methods of proof, he determinefl for the time beinj; to adhere to the faith of the Church as set forth in the Catechi.'sm, but afterwards to seek on his own account a better basis for the truths of Christianity. In 1797 Hermes became professor at the Mimster gymnasium; in 1799 he was ordained a priest. The first work he wrote, " Untersuchung ubcr die innere Wyhrheit des Chris- tentums" (Mimster, 1805), in which he sought to demonstrate the harmony Ijetween reiison and reve- lation, was received with so much favour that in 1807 its author, warmly commended l)y the Prot- estant theologian IV'iemeyer, at Halle, was ap- pointed to a chair of theology at the University of Miinster.

Hermes lectured on dogmatic theology, and, with especial zest, on the introduction to theology. Im- pressive aiul attractive in appearance, he was highly esteemed l)v his students because of his extraordinary pedagogic ability and his exempliiry priestly bcarinf:. ifle also earned the respect and appreeiatu)n of his colleagues by his zealous devotion to the interests of the university; up to 1819 they elected him dean three times. " But his rationalistic methods of in- struction, which were out of harmony with the theol- ogy of the past, roused opposition among the ruling circles at Minister including .several men of eminence, such as Clement August von Droste-\'i.schering (later .\relibishop of Colofrne), Frederick von Stolberg, Over- bert;. Katerkamp, Kistem:iker, Kellermaim. When the Viear-General von Droste-\'ischering, who was at the liead of the administration of the diocese during a vacancy of the see, deni:inded th:it Ilermes should continue the use of the Latin tongue in the dogmatic lectures, the latter refused to obey. The same prel- ate, by order of the pope, denied the legality of the uncanonieal reorg:mization of the cathedral chapter by Napoleon I, refused to acknowledge the wrongful