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 HEREFORD

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HEREFORD

Lamarckians and the so-called neo-Lamarckians hold- iag that in this and in this alone, according to the straiter sect, we have the true explanation of variation and evolution, whilst the Weismannites take up a wholly opposite point of view. It must be admitted that the extremer views of Weismann as to the im- possibility of the inheritance of acquired conditions are daily losing ground. The same may be said as to the theory of telegony. It is well known that breed- ers consider that it a valuable bitch has borne pups to an under-bred dog, she is ruined for breeding purposes, since she is liable at any time to throw ill-bred pups, even though the sire of later litters may be a highly- bred male. The same view is held by horse-breeders. .\n(\ the condition, which supposes that the maternal organism is, so to speak, infected, by the male con- gress, is called telegony. The most important argu- ment in its favour is that it is implicitly held by persons whose bread is earned by attention to the laws of inheritance, yet it must be owned that Pro- fessor ("ossar Ewart's careful experiments, at Peni- cuik, do not lend authority to the view, and it may perhaps turn out that the true explanation of this puzzling variety of heredity depends on some law of reversion, at present misunderstood, but which may be cleared up by further researches along Mendehan lines. (See Mind.)

The subject is well summed up in Thomson, Heredity (Lon- don. 190S), written by one belonging to the Weisniannite side. See also Wilson. The Cell in Development and Inheritance (Lon- don nnd New York, 1896, 1900), the best book on the celhdar question, which involves so much in the matter of heredity; Bateson, Mendel's Principles of Heredity (London, 1900): HuTTON. The Lesson of Evoltition (1907); Butler, Life and Habit (London, 1878); Idem, Unconscious Memory (London, 1880): Brooks, The Law of Heredity (.BMimore. 1891);RlBOT, L'htredite (Paris, 1873: Eng.tr., London, 1875); Mivart in Dublin Review. CV (1889). pp. 269-296; Spencer, The Inade- 'uacy of Natural Selection m Contemporary Heview, LXIII 1893). B. C. A. WiNDLE.

I

Hereford, Ancient Diocese of (Herefohdensis), in England. Though the name of Putta, the exiled Bishop of Rochester, is usually given as the first Bishop of Hereford (676), Venerable Bede's account merely states that he was granted a church and some land in Mercia by Sexulf, Bishop of Lichfield. This, however, was probably the nucleus from which the diocese grew, though its limits were not precisely fixed even by the end of the eighth century. In 79.3 the body of the martyred Ethelbert, Iving of the East Saxons, was buried at Hereford, and his shrine became a place of pilgrimage famous for miracles. His name was joined with that of the Blessed Virgin as titular, so that the cathedral, which was served by secular canons, was known as the Church of St. Mary and St. Ethelbert. The shrine was destroyed by the Welsh in 1055, when the cathedral, which had been recently rebuilt, was much damaged. It was restored after the Norman Conquest by Bishop Robert de Losinga, the intimate friend of St. Wulstan of Worcester. His immediate successors made further additions, and the great cen- tral tower was built about 1200. The clerestory to the choir, the beautiful Early English Lady Chapel and the north transept were added during the thirteenth century. Unfortunately the cathedral has suffered much from unskilful restoration, and some of the medieval work has been replaced by eighteenth- century architecture, notably the west front, which was ruined by the fall of a tower in 178(3. The cathedral was remarkable for not conforming to the Sarum Rite, but for maintaining its own " Here- ford LTse" down to the Reformation. It had its own Breviary and Missal, and portions of the anti- phonary have also survived. The diocese was gener- ally fortunate in its bishops, two of whom are speci- ally prominent: John de Breton, the great English lawyer (1268-1275); and his successor. Thomas de Cantilupe, better known as St. Thomas of Hereford, the last English saint to be canonized. He was chan-

cellor to King Henry III when he was elected bishop, and had wide experience of government. In the dis- putes which arose between Archbishop Peckham and his suffragans, St. Thomas was chosen to lay the cause of the bishops before the pope, and while on this mis- sion he died. His relics were buried at Hereford, where his shrine became the scene of numerous miracles. Part of the relics were saved at the Reformation and are now at Stonyhurst, but it would appear that some remained at Hereford, for as late as 1610 they were carried in procession by the people during tlie plague. In the cathedral is still pre.served the celebrated " Mappa Mundi", designed by Richard of Battle in the thirteenth century. The diocese consisted of nearly all Herefordshire, with part of Shropshire, and parishes in the counties of Worcester, Monmouth, Montgomery and Radnor. It was divided into two archdeaconries, Hereford and Salop. There were about thirty reli- gious houses in the diocese, the .A.ugustinians having seven, including the priory of Wigmore, and the Bene- dictines ten, among which was the great priory of Leo- minster. There were Cluniacs at Clifford, Wenlock and Preen, Cistercians at Uore and Flaxley. Domini- cans and Franci-scans both had priories in Hereford; at Ludlow there were Carmelites and .\ustin Friars. The following is the list of bishops of Herefonl, with dates of appointment, the chronology before 1012 being partly conjectural: —

Putta, 676 Thyrtell, 693 Torchtere, 710 Walchstod, 727 Cuthbert, 736 Podda, 746 Acca, c. 758 Aldberht, 777 Esne, 781 Celmundus, 793 Edulf, 796 Utel, e. 798 Wulfhard, 803 Benna, 824 Eadulf, c. 825 Cuthwulf, 838 Mucellus, c. 857 Deorlaf, 866 Ethelbert, 868 Cunemund, 888 Athelstan I, 895 Eadgar, c. 901 Tidhelm, c. 930 Wulfhelm, c. 935 Alfric, 941 Athulf, c. 966 Athelstan II, 1012 Leofgar, 1056 Vacancy, 1056 Walter of Lorraine, 1061 Robert de Losinga, 1079 Gerard, 1096 Vacancy, 1101 Reynelra, 1107 Geoffrey de Clive, 1115 Richard de Capella, 1121 Vacancy, 1127 Robert de Bethune, 1131 Gilbert Foliot, 1148 Robert de Maledon, 1163 Vacancy, 1168 Robert "Foliot, 1174

William de Vere, 1186 Giles de Braose, 1200 Hugh de Mapenor, 1216 Ilvigh Foliot, 1219 Ralph de Maydenstan,1234 Peter of Savoy, 1240 John de Breton, 1268 St. Thomas de Cantilupe,

1275 Richard Swinfield, 1283 Adam Orleton, 1316 Thomas Charleton, 1327 John Trilleck, 1344 Lewis Charleton, 1361 William Courtenay, 1370 John Gilbert, 1375 Thomas Trevenant, 1389 Robert Mascall, 1404 Edmund Lacy, 1417 Thomas Polton, 1420 Thomas Spofford, 1421 Richard Beauehamp, 1448 Reginald Bidler, 1450 John Stanberry, 1453 Thomas Mylling, 1474 Edmund Audley, 1492 Adrian de Castello, 1503 Richard Mayhew, 1504 Charles Booth, 1516

Schismatical bishops : — Edward Foxe, 1535 Edmund Bonner, 1538 (translated to London be- fore consecration) John Skj-pp, 1539 John Harley, 1553

Canonical bishops: — Robert Parfew, 1554 Thomas Reynolds, 1557 (died a prisoner for the faith before consecra- tion)

The arms of the see were : Gules, three leopard's heads reversed, jessant as many fleurs-de-lys, or.

Havergal. Fasti Herefordenses (1869), giving full bibliog- raphy of cathedral and city; Phillott, Hereford: Diocesan His- tory (London. 18S8); Fisher, Hereford: The Cathedral and 'See (London, 1898). For the Hereford Use, see Hereford Missal, re- printed by Henderson (London, 1874), and Hereford Breviary,