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 EEILIGENKREUZ

198

HEILSBRONN

new chairs for all the faculties, founded scientific in- stitutes such as the Electoral Academy of Science, and transferred the school of political economy from Kaiserslautern to Ileidelbcrj;. where it was combined with the university as the faculty of political economy. He also founded an observatory in the neighbouring city of Mannheim, where the celebrated Jesuit Chris- tian Meyer laboured as director. In connexion with the commemoration of the four hundredth anniversary of the university, a revised statute book which several of the professors had been commissioned to prepare, was approvetl by the elector, and the financial affairs of the university, its receipts and expenditures, were put in order. At that period the number of students varied from three to four hundred; in the jubilee year 133 matriculated.

In consequence of the disturbances caused by the French Revolution and particularly through the Peace of Lundville, the university lost all its property on the left bank of the Rhine, so that its complete dis- solution was expected. At this juncture, the elector and (after 1806) Grand Duke Charles Frederick of Baden, to whom had been allotted the part of the Palatinate situated on the right bank of the Rhine, is- sued on 13 May, 1803, an edict of organization for the Baden dependencies and determined the rights and constitution of Heidelberg, now the State university. He divided it into five faculties and placed himself at its head as rector, as did also his successors. From a local college of Baden the present Ruperto-Carola became a renowned German university. In 1807 the Catholic faculty of theology was removed to Freiburg. Heidelberg then had 432 students on its register. During this decade Romanticism found expression here through Clemens Brentano, Achim von Arnim, Ludwig Tieck, Joseph Gorres, and Joseph von Eichen- dorff, and there went forth a revival of the German Middle Ages in speech, poetry, and art. The German Students Association exerted great influence, which was at first patriotic and later political in the sense of Radicalism. After Romanticism had died out, Hei- delberg became a centre of Liberalism and of the movement in favour of national unity. The historians Fried rich Christoph Schlosser, Georg Gervinus, and Ludwig Hausser were the guides of the nation in polit- ical history. The modern scientific schools of medi- cine and natural science, particularly astronomy, were models in point of construction and eciuipmcnt. The law faculty was for a time the first m Germany. Its most distinguished representatives were the pro- fessors of Roman law, Thibaut, and von Vangerow; K. F. A. Mittermaier in the departments of civil law, penal law, and criminal law; and in commercial law L. Cioldschmidt. The division of political economy was represented for a long time by Karl Heinrich Rau, champion of the Liberal-individualist move- ment, which was greatly influenced by the English, and by Karl Knies, leader of the historic movement. Distinguished among the professors of medicine are the anatomists Henle, Arnold, and Gegenbaur, and the surgeons, von Chelius and Czerny, t he latter t he founder and head of the Institute for the Investigation of Cancer. Robert Bunsen and Gustav Robert Kirch- hoff share the glory of the discovery of the spectrum anajysis. Hermann von Helmholtz, inventor of the ophthalmoscope; Erwin Rohde, the classical scholar and pliilologian; and Kuno Fischer, historian of mod- ern philosophy, should be especially mentioned.

In the summer of 1909 the family of the Mannheim machine builder, Heinrich Lanz, gave one million marks ($250,000) for the foundation of an academy of science in connexion with Heidelberg University. At present the number of professors in Heidelberg is about 1.50: students, 2200.

Hautz, Crsrh. d. Vnivcrttitnt HcidclhcTq (2 vols.. Mannheim, 1864) ; Thoubecke, Die allrsle Zeit dcr Univcr.tiliit Heidrlhrrfj, I (Heidelberg, ISSfi), nS6-1449: Winckelmann. Vrkundrnhurli der Univeraitdt Heidelberg (2 voU., Heidelberg, 1S86); Toepke.

Matrikel d. Univ. Heidelberg von 13S6-1G6S (Heidelberg, 18S4 — ): Flscher, Die Srhicksale der Univ. Heidelberg (4th ed.. Heidelberg, 190:1); Palatinus. Heidelberg u. seine Universilat (Freiburg, 1886); Marck.s. Die Univcreitut Heidelberg im /.''. Jahrhundert (Heidelberg, 190:J); Pfaff. Heidelberg und Umge- bung (2nd ed., Heidelberg, 1902); Waldschmidt, AUheidelberg und aein Schloas (Jena, 1909).

Kabl Hoeber.

Heiligenkreuz (Sancta Crux), an existing Cis- tercian monastery in the Wienerwald, eight miles north-west of Baden in Lower Austria. 1 1 was founded in 1135 by Margrave St. Leopold at the request of his son (Jtto, Abbot of the Cistercian monastery of Mori- mund in Burgundy and afterwards Bishop of Freising. Its first monks with their abbot, Gottschalk, came from Morimund. Heiligenkreuz was richly endowed by the dukes of Babenberg. During the fifteenth and six- teenth centuries it was often imperilled by epidemics, floods, and fires, and suffered severely during the Turkish wars of 1529 and 1683. Nearly all its abbots were noted for both piety and learning. In 1734 the Abbey of St. Gotthard in Hungary was ceded to Heiligenkreuz by Emperor Charles VI, but was taken away and united with the Hungarian Abbey of Zircz in 1778. In its place the monastery of Neukloster at Wiener Neustadt was joined to Heiligenkreuz in 1880. The church of Heiligenkreuz combines two styles of architecture. The naves and the transept (dedicated 1187) are Romanesque, while the choir (13th century), which Ls an extension of the original church, is Gothic. The thirteenth-century window paintings of the choir are some of the most beautiful remnants of medieval art. The following Cistercian monasteries received their first monks from Heiligen- kreuz: Zwettl in Lower Austria in 1138 (still existing) ; Czikador in Hungary in 1142 (ceased in 1526) ; Baum- gartenberg in Upper Austria in 1142 (ceased in 1784); Marienberg in Hungary in 1194 (cea.sed in 1526); Lilienfeld in Lower Austria in 1206 (still existing); Goldenkron in Bohemia in 1263 (ceased in 1785); Neuberg in Styria in 1327 (ceased in 1785). Heiligen- kreuz has a library of 50,000 volumes, and its own theological seminary and college. Its 52 priests are engaged in teaching and administering the affairs of the 22 parishes that belong to the monastery.

GsELL in Brunner, Ein Cisterzienserbuck (Wurzburg, 1881), 52-116: Watzl, Die Cislerzien.ser vrni Heiligenkreuz (Graz, 1898); IIalusa in Studien und Mitthnluvgen au.f dem Benedik- liner und dem Cistercienser-Onlen (Briinn. 1902), XXJII, 373- 386 and 655-662; Lanz, ibid. (1895), XVI, 40-53.

Michael Ott.

Heilsbronn (Fon.s Sahiti.s), formerly a Cistercian monastery in the Diocese of Eiehstiitt in Middle Fran- conia. It was founded in 1133 by St. tto,Bi.shop of Bamberg, and received its first monks with their Abbot Rapatho from the Cistercian mchoppcr founded a monastic school at Heilsbronn, which later became a Protestant school for princes. Under Abliot Schop- per (l.'>29-1540) the doctrines of Luther found favour in the monastery. His successor, .'^ebastian Wagner, openly supported Protestantism. He married and resigned in 1543. In 1549 the Catholic religion was restored at Heilsbronn, but only ostensibly. The hist abbot who made any pretence to Catholicity was Melchior Wunderer (1562-1578). The five succeed- ing .'dibots were Protestants, and in 1631 Heilsbronn ceased to be an abbey. Its valuable library is at present at Erlangcn.

RTii-LFRiEn. Klostrr Heihbrnnn (Berlin, 1877); Mdck, Ge- srhiehtr von Kloater Heilsbronn von dcr Urzeil bis zur Neuzeit (Nordlingen, 1879-80).

Michael Ott.