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 HEGESIPPUS

195

HEGIUS

Turner, Bardenhewer. In fact SiaSoxv h:id then a technical meaning, which is precisely found in the next sentence, where "in each succession and in each city", may be paraphrased "in each list of bishops in every city", the argument being that of St. Irenceus (Adv. Hser., Ill, 3) : " We are able to enumerate those who were made bishops in the Churches by the Apos- tles, and their successions up till our own time, and they have taught and known nothing resembling the wild dreams of these heretics. ' ' The addition of Soter and Eleutherus is intended by the writer to bring his original catalogue up to date.

With great ingenuity Lightfoot has found traces of this list in St. Epiphanius, Ha?r., XXVII, 6, where that saint of the fourth century carelessly says: " Mar- eellina came to us lately and destroyed many, in the days of Anicetus, Bishop of Rome", and then refers to "the above catalogue", though he has given none. He is clearly quoting a writer who was at Rome in the time of Anicetus and made a list of popes beginning with St. Peter and St. Paul, martyred in the twelfth year of Nero. A list which has some curious agree- ments with Epiphanius, and extends only to Anicetus, is found in the poem of Pseudo-TertuUian against Marcion; the author has mistaken Marcellina for Marcion. The same list is at the ba.se of the earlier part of the Liberian Catalogue, doubtless from Hippo- lytus (see under Clement I). It seems fairly certain that the list of Hegesippus was also used by Iren;eus, Africanus, and Eusebius in forming their own. It should be said, however, that not only Harnack and Zahn, but Finik and Bardenhewer, have rejected Lightfoot's view, though on weak grounds. It is probable that Eusebius borrowed his list of the early bishops of Jerusalem from Hegesippus.

Eusebius quotes from Hegesippus a long and appar- ently legendary account of the death of St. James, " the brotherof the Lord", also the story of the election of his successor Symeon, and the summoning of the descendants of St. Jude to Rome by Domitian. A list of heresies against which Hegesippus wrote is also cited. We learn from a note m the Bodleian MS. Barocc. 142 (De Boor in "Texte und Unters.", V, ii, 169) that the names of the two grandsons of St. Jude were given by Hegesippus as Zoker and James. Dr. Lawlor has shown (Hermathena, XI, 26, 1900, p. 10) that all these passages cited by Eusebius were con- nected in the original, and were in the fifth book of Hegesippus. He has also made it probable (Journal of Theol. Studies, April, 1907, VIII, 4.36) that Euse- bius got from Hegesippus the statement that St. John was exiled to Patmos by Domitian. Hegesippus mentioned the letter of Clement to the Corinthians, apparently in connexion with the persecution of Domitian. It is very likely that the dating of heretics according to papal reigns in Irenaeus and Epiphanius — e. g., that Cerdon and Valentinus came to Rome under Anicetus, etc. — was derived from Hegesippus, and the same may be true of the assertionthat Hermas was the brother of Pope Pius (so the Liberian Cata- logue, the poem against Marcion, and the Muratorian fragment). The date of Hegesippus is fixed by the statement that the death and apotheosis of Antinous were in his own time (130), that he came to Rome under Anicetus (154-7 to 165-8) and wrote in the time of Eleutherus (174-6 to 189-91). Zahn has .shown that the work of Hegesippus was still extant in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in three Eastern libraries.

The fragments of Hegesippus, inclurlina that puhlished by De Boor (above) and one cited from Stephen Gobaras b,v Pho- tius (Bibl. 232), have been elaborately commentated upon by Zahn. Forschunqcn zur Ge^'ich. des I^. T. Kannus (Leipzig, 1900), VI, 22S .sqq., who discusses other traces of Hegesippus. On the papal catalogue see Lightfoot, Clement of Rome (London. 189). I, .127, etc.; Funk. Kirchenaesch. AbhaniHunqen (Pader- born. 1S!I7). I. 373; Harnack. ChronoL, I, ISO; Chapman in flc!'ue«.nfV/.,XVIII. 410 (1901); XIX. 13 (1902); Flamion in Revue d'Hist. eccL, Dec, 1900, 672-8. On the lost manuscripts,

etc., see Zahn in Zeilschr. flir Kirchengesch., II (1S77-81, 288, and in Theol. LMeraturhlatI (1X93), 49.5. For further references and a fuller account see Bardenhewer, Gesch. der altkirchL. Lilt., I, 483 sqq.

John "hap.man.

Heg^esippus, The Pseddo-, a fourth-century trans- lator of the " Jewish War" of Flavins Josephus. The name is based on an error. In the manuscripts of the work " losippus" appears quite regularly for " Jose- phus". From losippus an unintelligent reviser de- rived Hegesippus, which name, therefore, is merely that of the original author, ignorantly transcribed. In the best manuscripts, the translator is said to be St. Artibrose. Although formerly much contested, this claim is to-day acknowledged by the greater number of philologists. The work began to circulate about the time of the death of the Bishop of Milan (398), or shortly after. A letter of St. Jerome (EpLst. Ixxi), written between 380 and 400, bears witness to this. But there is nothing to prove that St. Ambrose wrote this work at the end of his life. The various allusions, notably that to the conquest of Britain by Theodosius (c. 370) are more readily explained if it be an earlier work of St. Ambrose, antedating his episcopate. The translator worked with great freedom, curtailing and abridging here and developing there. As a whole it suggests the work of a rhetorician. There are only five books, the first four corresponding to the first fourof Josephus, but the fifth of Hegesippus combines the fifth and sixth books of Josephus, and a part of the seventh book. The authors most frequently imitated are Virgil, Sallust, and Cicero, precisely the writers most frequently imitated by St. Ambrose. The Bible is rarely quoted or made use of, which can be readily understood if the w'ork is anterior to his career as preacher and bishop. The language and style are perceptibly the same as those of St. Ambrose. This translation of the " Bellum Judaicum" must not be confounded with that of Rufinus, which has seven books corresponding to the original, and is more literal. The best edition is that of C. F. Weber and J. Ca>sar (Marburg, 1864).

Against the attribution to St. Ambrose: Vogel, DeHegtsippo qui dicitur losephi interprcle (Munich, 1880); Klebs, Festschrift fur FriedUnder (189.5), 210.

For the attribution: Ihm. Sludia Amhrosiana (Leipzig. 1889), 62; Landgraf, Die H egeaippus Frage in Archiv fur laleinische Lexikographie und Grammatik, XII, 465; Ussani, LaQueslione e la critica del cosl detio Egesippo in Studi ilaliani di Filologia classica (Florence, 1906), 245.

Paul Lejay.

Hegira. See Mohammed and Moh.\mmedanism.

Hegius, Alexander, Humanist; b. probably in 1433, at Heeck (Westphalia); d. 7 December, 149S, at Deventer (Netherlands). Nothing is knowTi of his earlier studies; but he must have been of quite ma- ture age w;hen ordained to the priesthood. He him- self declares that he was a pupil of Rudolph Agricola, the most distinguished exponent of eai-lier German Humanism; there is no doubt that the latter, though eleven years his junior, exerted over him no .small influence, so that he was compelled to admit: " When forty years of age I came to young Agricola, frorr whom I have learned all that I know, or that othen think I know." He became in 1469 rector of the school at Wesel, and soon afterwards was made head of the monastic school at Emmerich. In 1474, he assumed direction of the school at Deventer, which even in those days had acquired renown. As a Humanist he was an enthusiastic admirer of the ancient classic period; he spoke and wrote a pure Ciceronian Latin. He was equally versed in Greek and sought to instil into his pupils a love for the tongue of Homer. But Hegius earned his claim to recognition chiefly in the domain of pedagogics. He simplified and im- proved the method of teaching and banished from the schools the ancient books which for centuries had been used therein. He instituted a course which