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HEATH

in her the model of a virginal, soul. St. Bernardine of Siena (d. 1444) was more absorljed in the contem- plation of the virginal heart, and it is from him that the Church has borrowed the lessons of the Second Nocturn for the feast of the Heart of JIary. St. Francis de Sales speaks of the perfections of this heart, the model of love for God, and dedicated to it his ''Theotimus".

During this same period one finds occasional men- tion of devotional practices to the Heart of Mary, e. g. in the " Antidotarium " of Nicolas du Saussay (d. 14SS), in Julius II, and in the "Pharetra" of Lanspergius. In the second half of the sixteenth century and the first half of the seventeenth, ascetic authors dwelt upon this devotion at greater length. It was, however, re- served to Blessed Jean Eudes (d. 16S1) to propagate the devotion, to make it public, and to have a feast celebrated in honour of the Heart of Mary, first at Autun in 1648 and afterwards in a number of French dioceses. He established several religious societies interested in ui^holding and promoting the devo- tion, of which his large book on the Cceur Admir- able (Admirable Heart), published in 1681, resembles a summary. Pere Eutles's efforts to secure the ap- proval of an Ofhce and feast failed at Rome, but, notwithstanding this disappointment, the devotion to the Heart of Mary progressed. In 1699 Father Pinamonti (d. 1703) published in Italian his beautiful little work on the Holy Heart of Mary, and in 1725 Pere de Gallifet combined the cause of the Heart of Mary with that of the Heart of Jesus in order to obtain Rome's approbation of the two devotions and the insti- tution of the two feasts. In 1729 his project was de- feated, and in 1765 the two causes were separated, to assure the success of the principal one.

In 1799 Pius VI, then in captivity at Florence, granted the Bishop of Palermo the feast of the Most Pure Heart of Mary for some of the churches in his diocese. In 1805 Pius VII made a new concession, thanks to which the feast was soon widely observed. Such was the existing condition when a twofold move- ment, started in Paris, gave fresh impetus to the de- votion. The two factors of this movement were first of all the revelation of the "miraculous medal" in 1830 and all the prodigies that followed, and then the establishment at Notre-Dame-des-Victoires of the Archconfraternity of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, Refuge of Sinners, which spread rapidly throughout the world and was the source of numberless graces. On 21 July, 1855, the Congregation of Rites finally approved the Office and Mass of the Most Pure Heart of Mary without, however, imposing them upon the Universal Church.

Now there are at least three feasts of the Heart of Mary, all with different Offices : that of Rome, ob- served in many places on the Simday after the Octave of the Assumption and in others on the third Sunday after Pentecost or in the beginning of July; that of Pere Eudes, celebrated amongst the Eudists and in a number of communities on 8 February; and that of Notre-Dame-des-Victoires, solemnized a little before Lent. However, no feast has as yet been granted to the entire Church.

Many of those who have written on the Heart of Jesus have devoted a few pages to the Heart of Mary, e. g. Gallifet, NiLLES, Terrien. and Rix. See the article Heart of Jesus, Devotion to the. However, the chief work is that of Blessed Jean Eudes, Le Crrur Admirable de la Tris Sainte M^re de Dieu, o\i la devotion au Tres Saint Cesur de la B. Vierge Marie (Caen, 16S1; 2 vols., Paris, 1S34; 3 vols., Vannes, 1908- 1909). The last-mentioned edition contains an introduction and complementary documents of great interest. There are relatively few books on the Heart of ]VIar>% and those bearing the title expatiate on devotion to Mary rather than to her Immacu- late Heart. The 11 Saero Cuore di Maria (Florence. 1699) of Pinamonti deserves mention and has been translated into various languages. Muzzarelli, II tesoro nasrosto nel Saero Cuore di Maria (Rome, 1S06), often translated, especially into French; de Bossy, Le rreur de Marie ouvert h toys (Amiens, 1830 and 1852); Modeste. Le saint Cmur de Marie, son amour, 868 douleura et ses joies (Paris, 1883); Schmude, Das reinsle

Herz der hi. Jungfrau und Gotiesmuiter Maria (Vienna, 1S75) ; DuBLANCHY, CauT de Marie in the Dictionnaire de iheologie Catholique, 11,351-354. The writer of the present article has described the origin and development of the devotion in the Messager du Sacre Cxur de Jesus (May, 1907), and the role of Bl. Jean Eudes in Eludes (5 May, 1908). To Etudes of 5 De- cember, 1908, he contributed an article on the Cceur matemel de Marie.

Jean Bainvel.

Heath, Henry, Venerable, English Franciscan and martyr, son of John Heath; christened at St. John's, Peterborough, 16 December, 1599; executed at Tyburn, 17 April, 1643. He went to Corpus Christ! College, Cambridge, 1617, proceeded B.A.in 1621, and was made college librarian. In 1622 he was received into the Church by George Muscott, and, after a short stay at the English College at Douai, entered St. Bonaventure's convent there in 1625, taking the name of Paul of St. Magdalen. Early in 1643, he with much trouble obtained leave to go on the English mission and crossed from Dunkirk to Dover disguised as a sailor. A German gentleman paid for his passage and offered him further money for his journej', but, in the spirit of St. Francis, Heath refused it and pre- ferred to walk from Dover to London, begging his way. On the very night of his arrival, as he was rest- ing on a door step, the master of the house gave him into custody as a shoplifter. Some papers foiuid in his cap betrayed his religion and he was taken to the Compter prison. The next day he was brought before the Lord Mayor, and, on confessing he was a priest, was sent to Newgate. Shortly afterwards he was examined by a Parliamentary committee, and again confessed his priesthood. He was eventually indicted under 27 Eliz., e. 2, for being a priest and coming into the realm. At Tyburn he reconciled in the very cart one of the criminals that were executed with him. He was allowed to hang until he was dead.

Challoner, Missionan/ Frie.sts, II, 175; Cooper in Diet. Nat. Biog., s, v.; Gillow, Bibl. Diet. Eng. Cath., Ill, 239.

J. B. Wainewright.

Heath, Nicholas, Archbishop of York; b. in Lon- don, 1501 (?); d. in the Tower of London, December, 1578 (not 1579, as generally stated). He was educated at St. Anthony's School, London, Corpus Christi Col- lege, Oxford, and Christ's College, Cambridge, where he became Fellow in 1521. After his ordination he be- came Vicar of Hever, Surrey (1531-2). In 1534 he was appointed Archdeacon of Stafford, and he took his doctorate in divinity the following year. Having discharged some diplomatic and court duties with success, he was schismatically elected Bishop of Roch- ester in 1539, but was translated to Worcester in 1543. During the latter years of Henry VIII he would appear to have temporized in religious affairs, but in 1550 he showed his orthodoxy by refusing to accept Cranmer's new form for ordination and was in consequence imprisoned and deprived of his see. On the accession of Mary he was restored to his diocese, and in 1555, having been absoh'ed by the pope from schism, he was elected Archbishop of York, receiving the pallium on 3 October. As archbishop he pro- cured the restitution to the see of much property alienated by his reforming predecessor, Holgate. It was he who consecrated Cardinal Pole as Archbishop of Canterbury. In 1556 he became Lord Chancellor of England, and in this capacity he proclaimed Eliza- beth as queen on Mary's death in 1558, but resigned his office on the following day, though he retained his seat on the Privy Council. His solemn warnings to Elizabeth against attempting religious changes having failed, he refused to crown her.

In Parliament he resisted the queen's claim to be styled "Governor of the Church", also the Acts of Siipremacy and Uniformity. On 7 July he was de- prived by the queen of his see, and continued for some months, sometimes at liberty, sometimes in durance. On 10 June, 1560, he was committed to the Tower, with