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 HAYMO

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HAYNALD

Haymo of Faversham, English Franciscan and schoolman, b.at Faversliam, Kent; d.atAnagni, Italy, in 1243, according to the most probable opimon; Wad- dinggives 1244. He had already acquired fame as a lec- turer in the University of Paris and also as a preacher when he entered the Order of Friars Minor, probably in 1224 or 1225. Shortly after this he was appointed custos at Paris, in which capacity he seems to have attended the general chapter of the order at Assisi in 1230, and was one of the deputies sent by the chapter to pope Gregory IX to petition for an explanation of certain points in the rule about which there had arisen some discussion in the order. The pope re- plied with the celebrated Bull "Quo elongati" of 28 September, 1230. After this chapter Haymo proba- bly came to England, for from a mention of him in the "Patent Rolls Henrici III" he seems to have been at Oxford in 1232, probably as a lecturer in the Francis- can school there. In 1233 he was one of the Friars Minor sent by the Holy See to Constantinople to nego- tiate for the revmion of the Latin and Greek Churches. He led a peculiarly active life, for during the.se years he not only lectured at Oxford, but also at Tours, Bologna, and Padua. He was, moreover, employed by Gregory IX in revising the Breviary of the Roman Curia, and the edition published in 1241 of this Bre- viary (which afterwards was ordered to be used in all the Roman churches and eventually, with some modi- fication, became the Breviary of the whole Latin Church) was chiefly the work of Hajano (cf. trans, of Batiffol, "Hist, of the Roman Breviary", p. 213). In 1239 he took part in the genera! chapter of the order held at Rome when the notorious Brother Elias was deposed from the office of general. PVom Eccleston's account of this chapter it appears that Haymo was one of the chief spokesmen against Elias. He also brought about the degradation of Gregory of Naples, a lieutenant of Elias and a nephew of me pope. After the deposition of Elias, Albert of Pisa, Provincial of England, was elected general, and Haymo succeeded him in the English provincialate. Albert, however, died during the first year of his generalate, and Haymo was then electetl to the supreme office m the order. According to Wadding, Haymo was elected general in 1239, but this is an evident error. Eccleston ex- pressly says that Haymo, while Provincial of England, gave the habit of the order to Ralph of Maidstone, Bishop of Hereford ; but Ralph only resigned his bishopric on December 17, 1239; Haymo, therefore, could not have been elected general of the order until 1240.

Haymo at once set about rectifying the disorders caused among the friars by Elias. The latter had in- creased the number of provinces in the order to seventy-two, " after the manner of the seventy-two disciples", says Eccleston, and because he wished to rival the Dominicans, who had divided their order into twelve provinces in honour of the twelve Apostles. Haymo reduced the number of provinces. As Elias had found his chief supporters amongst the lay brothers, whom he had attached to his person by pro- moting them to high places, Haymo decreed that in future no lay brother should be appointed superior except when there were no priests to fill the office. He also defined the rights of superiors, and set their juris- diction within definite bounds. Although very zeal- ous for the poverty of the rule, he yet was aware of the disadvantages of depending too much on alms and preferred that the friars should live by their own labour; hence, when Provincial of England, he ob- tained in several places larger grounds for the friars, that they might cultivate the land and so supply themselves with food, in order that they might not have to beg. On his death-bed, says Eccleston, he was vis- ited by Innocent IV; but Innocent IV was at Anagni only from 2.5 June till the middle of October, 1243, and during the whole of 1244 was resident at Rome. VII.— 11

Haymo's epitaph reveals the reputation in which he was held. It runs: —

Hie jacet Anglorum summum decus, Haymo,

Minorum, Vivendo frater, hosque regendo pater: Eximius lector, generalis in ordine rector. — " Here lies Haymo, highest glory of the English ; in his living a brother [friar] of the Minors, in ruUng them a father; an eminent lecturer, and rector gen- eral in liis order." As a schoolman he was styled, in the fashion of the time. Speculum honesiaiis. Besides his lectures on the Sentences he left a treatise on the ceremonies of the Mass and a book of sermons.

Thomas of Eccleston, De Adverttu FF. MM. in AnoHam (of which an English translation has been published): Chronica XXIV Gen. in AnaUcta Franciscana, III, 246-261; Wadding, Annates ad an. 1239, 1244: Wadding and Sbaralea, Scrip- tores Ord. FF, MM., s. v.

Father Cuthbert.

Haynald, L.uos, Cardinal, Archbishop of Kalocsa- Biics in Hungary; b. at Sz^cs^ny, 3 October, 1S16; d. at Kalocsa, 3 July, 1891. Having completed his studies in the secondary schools, he entered the Eme- ricianura at Pozsony (Presburg) in 1830, remaining there for one year. He studied philosophy at Nagy- szombat (Tyrnau) in 1831, theology at Vienna in 1833; entered Holy orders on 15 October, 1839, and received the degree of Doctor of Theology in 1841. After a brief period spent in the care of souls, he became pro- fessor of theology at the seminary at Gran in 1842. The prince-primate, Kopdcsy, appointed him his secretary in 1S46, but before he had entered upon the duties of that office, di.-ipatehed him abroad to study the training of pastors and ecclesiastical administra- tion. Haynald probably was the first Hungarian to study such subjects in foreign countries. He applied himself to these questions with especial diligence in Paris, where he passed most of the time that he spent on this mission. On his return he was appointed chancellor-director to the prince-primate, early in 1S48. When the Hungarian Parliament proclaimed the independence of Hungary on 14 .-\pril, 1849, Haynald refused to publish this declaration. The consequence was that he lost his position, where- upon he returned to his birth-place, Sz^csSny. At the close of the Revolutionary War he was restored to his office; on 15 September, 1851, he was appointed coadjutor to the Bishop of Transylvania, Nicholas Kovdcs, whom he succeeded on 15 October, 1852. On the publication of the October diploma, in 1860, Haynald became one of the champions of the union of Transylvania with Hungary. His political opinions and activity thereupon brought him into conflict with the Viennese Government. Count Francis Nddasdy, head of the Transylvanian Chancellery, accused Hajmald of disloyalty. Haynald went to Vienna and presented a memorial in which he set forth his political views. Notwithstanding this, the dissensions between the Government and Haynald continued, and resulted in Haynald's resignation in 1864. Pius IX summoned him to Rome and ap- pointed him titular Archbishop of Carthage.

Lentil 1867 he laboured in Rome, where he did valuable work as a member of the Congregation of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs. After the res- toration of the Hungarian constitution, Haynald was appointed Archbishop of Kalocsa-Bdcs, in 1867, at the instance of Baron Joseph Eotvos. He played an important part in the Vatican Council of 1870, being, with George Strossmayer, Bishop of Diakovdr, one of the foremost opponents of the dogma of In- fallibility, although he submitted to the decree of the council. Leo XIII made Ha3mald a cardinal in 1879. As bishop and archbishop, he aimed chiefly to main- tain ecclesiastical discipline and to raise the standard of studies in the public schools. His pious bequests amounted to nearly five millions of gulden. While