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HAYDOCK

his friend Mozart, who was an ardent member; and it is not clear how long he remained in that society. Upon the occasion of his two visits to London (1791 and 1794) he was hailed as the greatest musician of the day, and received marked attention from royalty. The University of Oxford conferred upon him the degree of Doctor of Music. His career in London was brilliant, and his successes signal. Salomon's orches- tra was the vehicle he chose to introduce his composi- tions to the English public, and the twelve symphonies performed under his direction created a profound im- pression. He left London in 179.5, and in January, 1797, moved to Gumpendorf, Vienna, where he died.

As a composer, Haydn will always be spoken of with reverence. He was the foiunler of the Viennese school of composition. His career began at the time when the accepted conventions of the Palestrinesque school of counterpoint had been abandoned as the last word in music. A craving for more liberty of style and greater breadth of conception was felt among the musicians of Haydn's day, and, catering to the growing taste, he built up a school of composition which became so popular, through his contributions and those of Mozart and Beethoven, that history has made it the starting point of modern composition. He has been hailed as the "father of instrumenta- tion ", the "inventor of the symphony ", the "creator of modern chamljer music". His instrumental com- positions include 125 symphonies, 31 concertos, 77 quartets, 30 trios, and more than 300 compositions for wind and string instruments. His contributions to ecclesiastical music comprise 14 Masses, 1 Stabat Mater, 2 Te Deums, and 34 offertories and anthems. Haydn's "Masses" have been particularly popular, especially in Germany, and have many features which recommend them, but the reform of t'hiirch music instituted by Pope Pius X has equivalently debarred them from use at liturgical services, in some instances on accovmt of the alterations and repetitions effected in the text, and in others because of the operatic char- acter of the music itself, which Mendelssohn is re- ported to have styled "scandalously gay". In the field of vocal writing Haydn was not notably success- ful; his solos are not on the same level as liis other works, but his three and four part songs are generally accorded the same high appreciation given to his more pretentious efl'orts. In opera, he cannot be said to have achieved any remarkable success. Although he contributed over twenty compositions to the oper- atic repertoire, not one of them or all of them together ma<le the impression so widely felt at the hearing of his oratorios. His best known operas are "Acide e Galatea" and "Orfeo". The works which have made Haydn's name immortal are his oratorios, not so much because of their intrinsic merit musically, but because of the appeal they have made to popular taste. The composition of the "Creation" was sug- gested to Haydn by Salomon as the crowning effort of liis great career. It was received enthusiastically in Vienna, London and Paris, and until a quarter of a century ago it divided popularity with the master- pieces of Handel. The other well-known oratorios of Haydn are "The Seasons ", the "Seven Last Words of Christ", the "Return of Tobias".

PoHL. Mozart and Haydn (Vieaua. 1867); Hadow, A Croa- tian composer (1S97): Mason, Beethoven and his Forerunners (1904); Hadow, The Viennese Period in Oxford History of Music, V (1904); Pohl in Grove, Dictionary of Music and Musicians, s. v. (New York, 1906).

William J. Finn.

Haydock, George, Venerable, English martyr; b. 155G; executed at Tyburn, 12 February, 1583-84. He was the youngest son of Evan Haytiock of Cotton Hall, Lancashire, and Helen, daughter of William Westby of Mowbreck Hall, Lancashire ; was educated at the English Colleges at Douai and Rome, and or-

dained priest (apparently at Reims), 21 December, 1581. Arrested in London soon after landing, he spent a year and three months in the strictest confine- ment in the Tower, suffering from the recrudescence of a severe malarial fever first contracted in the early summer of 1581 when visiting the seven churches of Rome. About May, 1583, though he remained in the Tower, his imprisonment was relaxed to "free cus- tody", and he was able to administer the Sacraments to his fellow-prisoners. Duruig the first period of his captivity he was accustomed to decorate his cell with the name and arms of the pope scratched or drawn in charcoal on the door or walls, and through his career his devotion to the papacy amounted to a passion. It therefore gave him particular pleasure that on the fol- lowing feast of St. Peter's Chair at Rome ( 16 January) he and other priests imprisoned in the Tower were examined at the Guildhall by the recorder touching their beliefs, though he frankly confesses it was with reluctance that he was eventually obliged to declare that the queen was a heretic, and so seal his fate. On 5 February, 1583— t, he was indicted with James Fenn, a i^omersetshire man, formerly fellow of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, the future martyr William Deane (q. v.), who had been ordained priest the same day as himself, and six other priests, for having con- spired against the queen at Reims, 23 September, 1581, agreeing to come to England, 1 October, and setting out for England, 1 November. In point of fact he arrived at Reims on 1 November, 1581. On the same 5 February two equally ritliculous indict- ments were brought, the one against Tliomas Hemer- ford, a Dorsetshire man, sometime scholar of St. John's College, Oxford, the other against John Mun- den, a Dorsetshire man, sometime fellow of New College, Oxford, John Nutter, a Lancashire man, sometime scholar of St. John's College, Cambridge, and two other priests. The next day, St. Dorothy's Day, Haydock, Fenn, Hemerford, Munden, and Nutter were brought to the bar and pleaded not guilty.

Haydock had for a long time shown a great devo- tion to St. Dorothy, and was accustomed to commit himself and his actions to her daily protection. It may be that he first entered the college at Douai on that day in 1574-5, but this is uncertain. The " Con- certatio Ecclesiae" says he was arrested on this day in 1581-2, but the Tower bills state that he was com- mitted to the Tower on the 5th, in which case he was arrested on the 4th. On Friday the 7th all five were found guilty, and sentenced to death. The other four were committed in shackles to " the pit" in the Tower, but Haydock, probably lest he should elude the exe- cutioner by a natural death, was sent back to his old quarters. Early on Wednesday the 12th he said Mass, and later the five priests were drawn to Tyburn on hurdles; Haydock, being probably the youngest and certainly the weakest in health, was the first to suffer. An eyewitness has given us an account of their martyrdom, which Father Pollen, S.J., has printed in the fifth volume of the Catholic Record Society.

He describes Haydock as "a man of complexion fayre, of countenance niilde, and in professing of his faith passing stoute ' '. He had been reciting prayers all the way, and as he mounted the cart said aloud the last verse of "Te lucis ante terminum". He ac- knowledged Elizabeth as his rightful queen, but con- fessed that he had called her a heretic. He then recited secretly a Latin hymn, refused to pray in Eng- lish with the people, but desired that all Catholics would pray for him and his country. Whereupon one bystander cried "Here be noe Catholicks", and an- other "We be all Catholicks"; Haydock explained "I meane Catholicks of the Catholick Roman Church, and I pray God that my bloud may encrease the Catholick faith in England". Then the cart was driven away, and though " the officer strock at tl~ '