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HAYDN

standard value. Bishop Hay's own life was a perfect example of that ordered devotion and assiduous labour which he inculcated in his writings, and his calm and equable temperament was proof against the many trials and difficulties inseparable from his position as a Catholic prelate under the penal laws. The Scottish Catholics, numbering at this time some 25,000, were, through the operation of these iniquitous statutes, in a condition little better than that of slaves or outlaws. Bishop Hay's efforts to procure some relief for his co- religionists roused a storm of fanatical fury, and in February, 1779, the chapel and house which he had recently built in Edinburgh were biu'ned by the mob. Very inade(|uate compensation for this outrage was made by the magistrates, and the outbreak of the Gordon Riots in England, in 1780, further delayed the long-hoped-for relief. In 1793, however, Bishop Hay had the satisfaction of seeing his flock released by Act of Parliament from the most oppressive of the penal laws. He had meanwhile laboured not only for the Church at home, but also to improve the condition of the national colleges at Rome and Paris. His great object, in regard to the college at Rome, was to have it placed under the control of Scottish superiors. His efforts on behalf of the institute in Paris were in- terrupted by the French Revolution, in which it was entirely swept away. The bishop's last public work was the fountlation of a new semmary at Aq^uhorties, in Aberdeenshire; and here, after transferrmg, with the sanction of Pius VII, the entire government of the Lowland District to his coadjutor, Bishop Cameron, he died, deeply regretted, at the age of eighty-three.

Stothert, Life of Hay in Gordon, Scotichronicon, IV; Strain, Memoir in his ed. of Hay's Works, I; Macpherson, History of Scollish Alissions: Brady, Episcopal Succession in Enpland. Ireland, and Scotland, II, III (Rome, 1876); Archives of Propaganda: Scozia, passim; Scots Magazine, XL, XLI; Bellesheim, Hist, of the Cath. Church in Scotland, IV (Edin- burgh, 1S90); Catholic Magazine and Remew, 27G-2S2,

D. O. Hunter-Blair.

Haydn, Joh.ynn Mich.\el, a younger brother of Franz Joseph Havdn; b. at Rohrau, Austria, 1-4 Sept., 1737; d. at Salzburg, 10 August, 1806. In 1745, Michael Haydn entered the choir of the Cathedral of St. Stephen, in Vienna, where his brother Joseph had been active as soprano soloist since 1740. By the order of the choir-master, Johann Ailam Karl Renter, Joseph was entrusted with the musical education of his younger brother. They were together in the choir for three years. AVhen .Toseph's soprano voice gave out, Michael succeeded him as soloist, remaining with St. Stephen's choir until 1755. In 1757 he was called to Grosswardein to serve Archliishop Sigismund as choir-master of his cathedral, and in 1762 he ac- cepted the position of orchestra conductor to the Prince-Archbishop Hieronymus of Salzburg, later assuming also the duties of organist at the church of St. Peter, at Salzburg, which was presided over by the Benedictines. The latter he subsequently exchanged for similar duties at the cathedral. Although Michael Haydn retained these honourable positions to the end of his days, i. e. for almost forty-four years, during the first years of his incumbency his services were not quite satisfactory to his employers, nor did they call forth the approval of his contemporaries, among whom were Leopold Mozart and his great son Wolf- gang. Neither his musical activities nor his personal conduct were edifying to those aroimd him. But his wife, the court singer, Maria Magdalena Lipp, daugh- ter of the cathedral choir-master, was a person of ex- traordinary piety and austerity of life, and she seems to have wrought such a change in her husband that his slothfulness and inertia gave place to wonderful activity and industry.

As was the custom among composers in his day, and by virtue also of his functions as conductor and organ- ist, Haydn wrote in every form of composition, but by predilection on liturgical texts. To the musical inter-

pretation of these he undoubtedly devoted his best efforts. We can form an idea of his great productiv- ity (which, however, does not equal his brother's) when we consider that he wrote twenty-four masses, four so-called German masses (consisting of five or six numbers to be sung during low Mass), two requiems, one hundred and fourteen graduals, sixty-seven offer- tories, litanies, vespers, cantatas, oratorios, and sev- eral operas. Among his instrumental works are thirty symphonies, serenades, marches, minuets, string ciuartettes, and fifty preludes for the organ. Jlichael Haydn had an aversion to seeing his works in print, and most of his productions remained in manu- script. His style might be called eclectic. His tend- ency was to miite the salient traits and characteristics of contemporary masters who wrote for the Church. While he gave to everything he wrote a certain per- sonal stamp, hLs individuiilitj- and depth of conception were not sufficiently pronounced to preserve many of his works to posterity. Some of his organ composi- tions are contained in B. Kothe's "Handbuch fiir Organisten ", and the same author's " Praludienbuch". Kothe's collection "Musica Sacra", Seller's " Laudate Dominum" and "Sammlung leicht ausfiihrlicher Kirchenmusik", publLshed by the Ca^cilienverein of Salzburg, contain some of his vocal works. A com- plete collection of the unpublLshed works of Michael Haydn is preserved in the library of the Benedictine monastery of St. Peter, at Salzburg.

WooLDRiDGE, Oxford History of Music, V (Oxford, 19041; Jahn. if. a. Mozart, II (Leipzig, 1867); Mendel, Musik- atisches Conversations-Lexikon (Berlin, 1S75).

Joseph Otten.

Haydn, Joseph (Franz Joseph), born of staunch Catholic parents at Rohrau, Austria, 1 .\pril, 1732; died at Gumpendorf, Vienna, 31 May, 1S09. He he- gan his great musical career in the choir-school of St. Stephen's, Vienna. For nine years he was a chorister there, and yielded his place as solo-boy to his yovmger brother Michael when the inevitable signs of change appeared in his voice. During these years he mani- fested an extraordinary passion for music, availing himself of every opportunity to improve his knowl- edge of the art. He was enabled to pursue his musical studies. .\t this time he came under the influence of Emanuel Bach, Dittersdorf, and Porpora, who may be said to have been his principal masters, although the credit of his remarkable achie\'ements must l)e given rather to his own incessant industry than to any par- ticular instruction. The year 1756 found Haydn so well informed in the various branches of his art that he began to be ranked among the first music-masters of Vienna. In 1759 he accepted the aiipointment of vice-capellmeister to Count Morzin, a Bohemian nobleman, wdio maintained an orchestra at his coun- try-house. His contract with this prince brought him into the daily necessity of composing "divertimenti" for the orchestra, thus affording a splendid opportun- ity for the study of instrumentation. It was at this time that Haydn made the mistake of contracting a loveless marriage with Maria Anna Keller. Had he been more prurient in the choice of a spouse, perhaps his after life might have been free from the suspicions which his relations with other women justify. By temperament he was deeply religious, and gave back to .Mmighty God, in his compo.sitions for the services of the Church, the talent with which he was so richly enilowed.

In 1761 he became vice-capellmeister at Eisenstadt, and in 1766 went as capellmeister with Prince Nicho- laus to his new palace at Esterhaz. His life during these years was of singular steadiness of purpose. The duties of his position were most arduous, involv- ing the necessity of providing daily orchestral recitals, two operatic performances and at least each week one concert. lie received a salary of one hundred pouniis amiually. In 17tJ5 he joined the Freemasons to please