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 HAUZEUR

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HAVANA

approbation of the Acaileniy of Science and Arts and the support of the Philanthropic Society. During the French Revolution and the subsequent disorganiza- tion of the Philanthropic Society, Hauy's school lacked its wonted support. Although the National Assembly, and later on the Convention, had declared it a national institution and had voted for it an annual subsidy, yet so scanty was the help accorded to it that it barely survived the Reign of Terror. In 1801, on a report to Napoleon from Chaptal, Muiister of the Interior, the school was merged with the Hospice Quinze-Vingts. A year later, Napoleon relieved Haiiy of the direction of the school and granted him a pen- sion of 2000 francs. In February, 1802, Hauy started a private school in the rue Sainte-Avoye. Through lack of funds, however, the " Mus^e des Aveugles", his new foundation, never attained much prominence. In 1806, on the invitation of Alexander I, Hauy left for St. Petersburg, where he founded, in 1808, a school for the blmd, on the model of the National Institution in Paris. On his way to Russia, Hauy had an inter- view at Charlottenbing with Freileriek ^^'illiam III of Prussia. He prevailed upon the king to found an in- stitution for the blind at Berlin, antl to appoint Dr. Zeune as its first director. From his arrival at St. Petersburg, 9 Sept., 1806, until his departure, Hauy's devotion and zeal in doing for the blind of Russia what he had done for those of his own native country were put to many a severe test, and rewarded with but scanty gratitude. Weakened with age and infirmity, Hauy wished to die in France. He left St. Peters- burg in 1817. On his return to Paris he went to live with his brother, the Abb6 Haiiy, in whose arms he peacefully expired.

The publications of Valentin Hauy are his "Essai sur r&lucation des aveugles" (Paris, 178(5), and "M^moire historique sur les t^l^graphes" (Paris, 1810).

De la Sizerann'E. Les aveuglfs par un nvrugle (Paris, 1904); Mell, Enci/t^lopinlisches Handbuch df.s Bli/ulenweseTis {Leipzig, 1900); Gi'u.BEAi-, Histoire de I'lnstruetinii mtlionale des jeunes aveugles {Paris, 1907).

Joseph M. Stadelm.\n.

HauzeuT, Mathias, Franciscan theologian, b. at Ver- viers, 1.589; d.at Liege, 12 November, 1076, for many years professor of theology. He was a prolific writer and left behind twenty works, while, as a keen con- troversialist, he attainetl great celebrity in conse- quence of his disputation with the Calvinist preacher (iabriel Hotton, which continued from 19 to 22 .\pril, 1633, and was brought by Hauzeur to such a success- ful conclusion that tlie Catholics throughout the vicin- ity lit bonfires to celebrate his triumph. He describes this controversy in his " Accusation et conviction du Sieur Hotton" (Liege, 1633), issued also in Latin under the title " Conferentia publica inter M. Hauzeur et G. Hotton" (ibid., 1633). Other important works of Hauzeur are: "Exorcismes catholiques du maling esprit h(5r(5tique etc." (ibid., 1634), directed against the same opponent; "Equuleus ecclesiasticus, acule- atus exorcismis XXIII etc." (ibid., 1635), against the Calvinist Samuel des Maretz; " Proejudicia augustis- sima D. Augustini pro vera Christi Ecclesia" (ibid., 1634) of which he published a synopsis in French. He then combined the last-named three works in one, including in the new volume the " Livre de ce grand Docteur S. Augustin: du soing qu'il faut porter pour les morts" (Liege, 1636). He also issued a Flemish translation of Augustin's "De utilitate credendi" (ibid., 1636), but his WTitings against Jansenism re- mained unpublished. His chief title to remembrance rests on his two gieat works, " Anatomia totius Augus- tissimse Doctrinse S. Augustini, secundum litteram . . . . et spiritum" (2 vols., Augustie Eburonum, 164.3-45), and "Collatio Totius Theologice inter Maiores nostros Alexandrum Halensem, S. JBonaven- turam, Fr. Joannem Duns Scotum, ad mentem S.

.\ugustini" (2 vols., Liege and Namur, 1652). This work is really a commentary on the second, third, and fourth books of the "Sentences". Like the majority of Hauzeur's works, it was issued from the private press of the Franciscans. In reply to Boverius's "Annales Ord. Min. Capucc." Hauzeur WTote the " Apologia Analogica pro vero ordine et successors S. Francisci" (Aug. Eburonum, 1650, and 1653).

Sbaralea, Supplementuin ad Scriptores Ord. Min. (Rome, 1806), 531; Dirks, Histoire liUcraire et bibliographique des FrHes Mineurs de V Observance en Belgique (Antwerp, 1885), 246-56.

Michael Bihl.

Havana (San Crist6bal de la Habana), Diocese OF (Avanensls). — The city of Havana is situated in longitude 82° 21' west of Greenwich; latitude 23° 8' north. The present jurisdiction of the See of Havana comprises the two provinces of Havana and Matanzas. This city, while the chosen residence of the Cuban bishops on account of the means of communication afforded by the port and the protection afforded by its fortifications against pirates and sea-rovers, was not always the episcopal see. That honour belonged for a brief period to Baracoa (1518), and then to Santiago de Cuba (1522). As early as the eighteenth century (1786), King Charles III, having first con- sulted the Spanish Ministry of the Indies (Supremo Consejo de Indias), projected a partition, taking into consideration the exce.ssive size of the Cuban diocese, which then comprised, besides the island itself, the territories of Louisiana and Florida. Rome con- firmed this project by a pontifical Decree (10 Septem- ber, 1787). The duty of effecting the partition was committed to Don Jo.s6 de Tres-Palacios, and his dis- cretion and ability were rewarded by his appointment as first Bishop of Havana. The diocese comprised, by the disposition then made, the provinces of Santa Clara, Matanzas, Havana, and Pinar del Rfo, in Cuba, as well as Florida and Louisiana. The cathedral of Havana was erected as such in 1789.

Tres-Palacios was a man distinguished for moral rectitude and talent. Born at Salamanca, he was a doctor of that university, and, while still young, emigrated to Santo Domingo, where his merits ob- tained for him the post of vicar-general. He left this charge to assume the episcopal dignity of Porto Rico, where his labours in the cause of reform were inter- rupted by the commission to divide the old Cuban diocese. The episcopacy of Tres-Palacios coincides historically with a period of renovation in the eco- nomic, intellectual, and political life of Cuba. That island will always recognize as a great benefactor Don Luis de las Casas y Arragorri (1790-1796), whose efforts for education and for the progressive develop- ment of all classes on the island were without prece- dent, and have since remained without parallel, but his policy was infected with a secularizing tendency, which Tres-Palacios viewed with disapproval and combated with firmness. In this was to be found the secret of the bishop's dissension with Governor las Casas. That Tres-Palacios was not an ambitious man is proved by his administration, the crowning event of which was the erection of New Orleans into a see independent of Havana. New Orleans accordingly took as its bishop Don Luis Maria Peiialver y Cdrdenas, a native of Havana, who set out for the new diocese 7 March, 1796. Tres-Palacios died 16 October, 1799.

His successor, Don Juan Jos6 Diaz Espada y Landa. was a bishop whose memory is greatly cherished by the people. He spent the ample revenues of his bishopric for the benefit of education and the public health, and no charitable undertaking ever sought his help in vain. Espada seconded the efforts of the Patriotic Society for the increase of the number of schools. The college of St. Francis de Sales, the work of Don Evelino de Compostela, and the Beneficencia counted him among their generous