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HARDOUIN

still supervising those of America. She came back to America on her official visits in 1874, 1878, 1882. Her daughters, who treasured her parting counsels as oracles, bade her a last farewell in 1884, when she returned to Paris as member of the general council. She had spent herself for God in the Institute; a severe illness struck her down in 1885, and after months of patient suffering, the end came peacefully. She was buried in Conflans crypt, the tomb of the general administrators; but the persecutions of the French government suggesting removal of the vener- ated dead, her remains were bestowed on the country she had loved so profoundly and so loyally served. On 12- December, 1905, she was interred at Kenwood, Albany, where, on the tablet from Conflans vault,' her own order records its testimony to the work she achieved "... late per regiones Americae . . . prudentia virtute".

DuFOUR, Vie lie la Ri-verende Mtre Alnysia ITarileij (Paris 1.S90), compiled from original documents in the archives of the mother-house.

Mary Belind.\ McCormack.

Harding, Thomas, controversialist: b. at Combe Martin, Devon, 1516; d. at Louvain, Sept., 1572. The registers of Winchester school show that after attending Barnstaple school lie obtained a scholarship there in 1528, being then twelve years old. If this information be correct, he was three years younger than is commonly stated. He went to New College O.Kford, in 1534, was admitted a Fellow in 1536, and took his Master's degree in 1542, in which year he was appointed Hebrew professor by Henry VIl'l. Having been ordained priest, he became chaplain to Henry Grey, Marquess of Dorchester and afterwards Duke of Suffolk. He at first embraced the Reformed opinions, but on the accession of Mary he declared himself a Catholic, despite the upbraidings of his friend Lady Jane Grey, and the events of his later life proved his sincerity. In 1554 he took the degree of Doctor of Divinity, and was appointed prebendary of Win- chester, becoming treasurer of Salisbury in the follow- ing year. He also acted as chaplain and confessor to Bishop Gardiner. When Elizabeth became queen he was deprived of his preferments and imprisoned (Sander, "Report to Cardinal Moroni"). Subse- quently he retired to Louvain to escape persecution. There he served St. Gertrude's church and devoted himself to study and to his long controversy with Jewel, the Bishop of Salisbury and champion of Prot- estantism.

In 1564 he published "An answere to Maister Juelles Challenge", Jewel having undertaken to con- form to the Catholic Church if any Catholic writer could prove that any of the Fathers of the first sLx centuries taught any of twenty-seven articles he se- lected. Jewel replied first in a sermon (which Hard- ing answered in a broadsheet "To Maister John Jeuell", printed at Antwerp in 1565) and then in a book. Against the latter Harding wrote "A Re- joindre to M. Jewel's Replie" (Antwerp, 1.566) anil A Rejoindre to M. Jewel's Replie against the Sacri- hoe of the Mass " (Louvain, 1.567). Meanwhile he had become engaged in a second controversy with the same author, and, in his confutation of a book en- titled an " Apologie of the Church of England " (Ant- werp, 1565), he attacked an anonymous work the authorship of which Jewel admitted in his "Defence of the Apologie of the Churche of Englande ". Hard- ing retorted with "A Detection of Sundrie Foule Jirroiirs, Lies, Sclaunders, corruptions, and other false Dealinges, touching Doctrine and other matters uttered and practized by M. Jewel " (Louvain 156S) In 1566 Pius V appointed Harding and Dr. Sander .\postolic delegates to England, with sjiecial powers of giving faculties to priests and of forbidding Catholics to fr.-quent Protestant services. Harding was of areat assistance to his e.xiled fellow-countrymen and to Dr

Allen in founding the English College at Douai He was buried (16 Sept., 1572) in the church of St. Ger- trude, Louvain.

KiRBY )rincl,ester Scholars (hondoD, 1S92) ; Pitts, De illustr ••*;"";4'""P'"*™ (^^■•'^•.1623); DoDD, Church HUtory (Brus- sels. 1739-42); Gillow. Bibl. Diet. Eng. Cath. (London, 1887), s v.: Perrt mDtct. Nat. Biog. (London, 1890), s. v.; S.inder, Keport to Card. Morom m Catholic Record Society's Publica- tions: Miscellanea I (London, 1905); Birt, Elizabethan Re- ligious Settlement (London, 1907).

Edwin Burton.

Hardman, Mary Juliana, known in religion as Sister Mary; b. 26 April, 1813; d. 24 March, 1SS4; was the daughter of John Hardman, senior, of Bir- mingham, a rich manufacturer, by his second wife Lydia Waring. The Hardmans were a stanch old Catholic family, who had suffered for the Faith in penal times; they were also most generous to the Church. Mary Juliana was one of a large family; she was educated in the Benetlictine convent at Cavers- wall, in Staffordshire, and, when she was nineteen, her father founded the convent of Our Lady of Mercy at Handsworth, near Birmingham, spending upwards of 5000 pounds (25,000 dollars) upon it. In 1S40 Miss Hardman and three friends offered themselves to Bishop Walsh, to form the nucleus of a new commu- nity, and by his advice they went to Dublin to make their novitiate under Mother M. C. McAuley, the holy foundress and first superioress of the Institute of the Sisters of Mercy, Baggot Street, Dublin. The novices made their profession on 19 August, 1841, and a day or two later Mother McAuley accompanied them to the new convent at Handsworth, where they were solemnly received by Bishop, afterwards Cardinal Wiseman. Shortly afterwards Sister Mary Juliana was appointed first iirioress of the community, and held that office off and on for thirty-five years her first appointment lasting for six. She was then elected for three years, anil twice re-elected for the same period, and from 1870 she held the office of superioress till her death. In 1849 she opened an- other convent at St. Chad's, Birmingham, and also one at Wolverhampton. The next year she built an almonry for the relief of the poor, and opened poor- schools. In 1851 she placed the orphanage founded by her father at Maryvale under the care of sisters of her community, making her own sister, Mary Hard- man, in religion Sister Mary of the Holy Ghost, supe- rioress. In 1858 she built a middle-class boarding- school; twelve years later she erected elementary schools for the working classes at Handsworth; and in 1874 she opened a middle-class day-school for both boys and girls. She died at Handsworth, at the age of seventy. She is said to have been the personifica- tion of the rule of her institute, in her exercise of piety, self-sacrifice, and humility; she was also most wise and prudent, gentle and loving, in her govern- ment; she was unassuming and retiring; "deeds not words" was the motto up to which she lived. Her brother, John Hardman, founded the well-known ecclesiastical metal works and stained glass works at Birmingham, and was, like his father, a most generous benefactor of the Church, besides taking an active interest in the Catholic revival of his time.

Amherst, .« Mary's Convent of Mcrcv, Handsworth (Bir- mingham, 1891); Gillow, Bibl. Diet. Eng. Cath.. s. v.

Francesca M. Steele.

Hardouin, Jean, Jesuit, and historian; b at Quimper, Brittany, 23 Dec, 1646, son of a bookseller of that town; d. at Paris, 3 Sept., 1729. He entered the novitiate of the Society, 25 Sept., 1660- and was professor of belles-lettres and rhetoric, and 'after- wards taught positive theology for fifteen years. He became librarian at the Jesuit College of Louis-le- Grand in Paris, where he succeeded Pere Gamier who.se biography he published m 1684. His first scientific work was an article published in the "Jour-