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ment arrived at was not carried out until 1828. Since then the Catholic Church in Hanover has grown visibly stronger and the Catholic population has markedly increased. In a total population of about 2,500,000 in 1905, the Catholics numbered more than 325,000. L.\UENSTEIN, Hildesheim. Kitchen- u, Reformationsgrsch. (Hildesheim, 1736): Spittler, Gesch. d. Furatent. Hannover seil d. Reformation (Hanover. 179S); Hune, Gesch. d. Kvnigr. Hannover (Hanover, 1S24-30): Havemanx, Gesch. d. Lande Braunschweig u. Liineburg (Liineburg, 1837-38): Luntzel, Die dltere Diiizese Hildesheim (Hildesheim, 1837): Idem, Gesch. d. Diiizese u. Stadt Hildesheim (Hildesheim, 1858); von Heine- MANN, Gesch. von Braunschweig u. Hannover (Gotha, 1884-92): Woker, Gesch. d. kathol. Kirche in Hannover u. Celle (Pader- bom, 1889); Idem. Der Bonifatius-Verein 1S49-1S99. II (Pader- born, 1899), 84-97.

P. Albert.

Hanse, Blessed Everard, English martyr: b. in Northamptonshire; executed 31 .July, 1.581. He was educated at Cambridge, and was soon presented to a good living. His brother William, who had Ijecome a priest in .\pril, 1570, tried to convert him, but in vain until a sharp attack of illness made him enter into himself. He then went over to Reims (1.580-1581), was ordained, and returned, but his ministry was very short. In July he was visiting in disguise some Cath- olic prisoners in the Marshalsea, when the keeper noticed that his shoes were of a foreign make. He was closely examined, and his priesthood was discov- ered. As yet there was no law against priests, and. to satisfy the hypocritical professions of the persecutors, it was necessary to find some treason of which he was guilty. He was asked in court at the Newgate Ses- sions, what he thought of the pope's authority, and on his admitting that he believed him " to have the same authority now as he had a hundred years before", he was further asked whether the pope had not erred (i. e. sinned) in declaring Elizabeth excommunicate, to which he answered, "I hope not. " His words were at once written down as his indictment, and when he was further asked whether he wished others to believe as he did, he sai<l, "I would have all to believe the Catholic faith as I ilo. " A second count was then added that he desired to make others also traitors like himself. He was at once found guilty of "persuasion", which was high treason by 23 Elizabeth. He was therefore in due course sentenced and executed at Tyburn. The case is noteworthy as one of the most extreme cases of "verbal treason" on record, and it was so badly re- ceived that the Government had afterwards to change their methods of obtaining sentences. The martjT's last words were "O happy day!" and his constancy throughout "was a matter of great edification to the good". The Spanish ambassador WTote, "Two nights after his death, there was not a particle of earth on which his blood had been shed, which had not been carried off as a relic. "

Allen, Briefe Historic of the Glorious Martyrdom of Twelve Reverend Priests (1582), ed. Pollen (London, 1908), 98-106; Camm, Lives of the English Marlj/rs, 11 (London. 1905), 249-265.

J. H. Pollen.

Hansiz, Mahkus, historian, b. at Volkermarkt, Carinthia, Austria, 25 April, 1683; d. at Vienna, 5 September, 1766. He was only fifteen when he entered the Society of Jesus at Eberndorf. He was ordained a priest in 1708 and became on the com- pletion of his studies professor of humanities at Vienna. From 1713 to 1717 he taught philosophy at Graz, and from 1717 devoted himself entirely to the study of history. His interest in the ".\nglia Sacra" of Wharton, the "Gallia Christiana" of Sainte- Marthe, Ughelli's "Italia Sacra", and other similar treatises, together with the advice of the scholarly librarian, Bernardo Gentilotti, determined him to execute a comprehensive "Germania Sacra". For this purpose he examined numerous libraries and archives, and published (1727-1729) histories of the Church of Lorch and of the Sees of Passau and Salz- burg: "Germania; Sacrce tomus primus: Metropolis

Laureacensis cum episcopal u Pataviensi chronolo- gice proposita" (.\ugsburg, 1727), and an " Archiepis- copatus Salisburgensis chronologice propositus" (Vienna, 1729). This work took him to Rome, where he profited by his intercourse with Muratori and Maffei. ^

Despite the composition of divers short treatises, chiefly canonical and dogmatic, he did not lose sight of his main purpose, but gathered assiduously his materials for his history of the Dioceses of Ratisbon, Vienna, Neustadt, Seckau, Gurk, Lavant, and foi the secular history of Carinthia. It is true that the only result of his industry published by him on these subjects was a preliminary inquiry into the earliest periods of the See of Ratisbon: "Germaniae sacra- tomus tertius. De episeopatu Ratisbonensi " (Vienna, 1754). His copious notes are preserved in the Hof- bibliothek at Vienna. Contrary to the Salzburg tradi- tion he maintained, in his second volume, that St. Rupert first founded this see about the close of the seventh centurj'; this aroused opposition. The third volume also involved him in controversy with the canons of St. Emmeram, from which he emergetl with honour. With advancing age he ceased per- sonal researches, l)ut induced his younger lirethren in the Society, at Graz and Klagcnfurt, to take up and carry on his labours. With the same end in view he comravmicated, only a short time before his death, with the learned prince abbot, Gerbert of St. Blasien, the result being that the Benedictine Fathers, Emil Usserman, .\mbrosius Eichhorn, and Trudpert Neu- gart, took charge of the work for the Dioce.ses of Wurz- burg, Chur, and Constance. Hansiz was a genuine historian; he combined with great learning and thoroughness of method a discerning mind and an uncompromising love of truth, and he possessed the gift of an attractive stvlo.

Pletz, Wiener Thcologische Zeitschrift (1834), I, 13 sq., IGI s<j.; Allg. Deutsche Biographic, X (1879), 541 sq.; HuRTER, ^^ omenclator.

Patbicius Schlager.

Hanthaler, Chrysostomds (Johannes Adam), a Cistercian, historical investigator and writer; b. at Marenbach, Austria, 14 Februarj-, 1690; d. in the Cis- tercian monastery' of Lilienfeld in Lower Austria, 2 September, 1754. Having finished his scholastic education, he made his profession in 1716, and subse- quently he devoted himself with untiring zeal 1o his- torical research. The archives and rich librarv of the monastery offered a splendid field for his activity. On becoming librarian, he made it his first task to compile a reli;d3le catalogue, and then collected all documents bearing on the history of Lilienfeld and of Austria. Copies and impressions of memorial tablets, seals, and coins were reproduced, until his transcripts and compil- ations filled twenty-two folio volumes. From this ma1>- tcr he compo.sed the "Fasti Campililienses" in two large volumes (Linz, 1747-17.54), which gives a complete history of his monastery from the thirteenth century to the end of the Middle .\ges, together with a history of the Babenberg dukes of Austria and Stej'er. The completion of his great work of compilation was de- layed by his death. On the suppression of the mon- astery in 1789, the manuscript was brought to the Imperial Library at Vienna, but the copper plates and prints were sold. Subsequently both came into the hands of Abbot Ladislaus Pyrker, who published the last two volumes under the title of "Fastorum Cam- pililiensium Chrj'sostomi Hanthaler continuatio seu Recensus genealogico-diplomaticus archi\n Campili- liensis" (Vienna, 1819-20), together with two appen- dixes containing descriptions of the tombstones and extracts from the necrology of the monastery. Han- thaler left behind numerous other writings, among which may be mentioned the three-volume work published at Linz (1744); "Grata pro gratiis memo- ria eorum, quorum pietate Vallis de campo liliorum et