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the modern commentaries on Genesis : Oussani, The Fourteenth Chapter of Genesis in New York Keview (Sept.-Oct., 1906), 204- 43: Dhorme, Hammourahi-Amraphel in Revue Bihlique (190SJ, 205-26.

Charles L. Souvay.

Hamsted, Adrian, founder of the sect of Adrian- ists; b. at Dordrecht, 1524; d. at Bruges, 1581. We know nothing of his personal history, and very Uttle concerning the short-hved sect to which he gave his name. The Adrianists, who were mostly women, professed in general the doctrines of the Anabaptists; but what their specific beliefs were cannot be ascer- tained. Charges of immorality have been made against them, but have never been proved.

Baudrillart in Vacant, Diet, de theot. calh., s. v. Adria- nistes; Vollet in La Grande Encyclopedic, s. v. Adrianistes.

Leo a. Kelly.

Haneberg, Daniel Bonifacius von, a distinguished German prelate and Orientalist of the nineteenth century, b. at Tanne near Kempten, Bavaria, 16 June, 1816; d. at .Speyer, the capital of the Rhine Pala- tinate (Bavaria), .31 May, 1876. He began his classi- cal course at Kempten, where he pursued with super- ior ability and industry the studies prescribed by the curriculum, and mastered with hardly any guidance several Oriental languages (Hebrew, Arabic, Syriac, Persian, and Ethiopic). He next betook himself to Munich, where he completed his elementary studies in the gymnasium, and followed the courses of philoso- phy and theology in the imiversity. While a theo- logical student, he cultivated Sanskrit and Chinese over and above the Oriental languages with which he was already acquainted, translated a few works of Car- dinal Wiseman, contributed several essays and poems to various German periodicals, and neglected nothing of what appertains to the spiritual life in one preparing for the Catholic priesthood. He took his degree of Doctor of Theology at the University of Munich in 1839, and was ordained priest at Augsburg, on 29 August of the same year. The followmg November he qualified for a Privatdozent in the University of Munich by his thesis " De significationibus in Veteri Testamento praeter literara valentibus " (Mimich, 1839), and began in December his career of thirty- three years as a lecturer on the Old Testament. In 1841, he became extraordinary professor of Hebrew and of Holy Scriptvire in the same university, anil in 1844 ordinary professor. His lectures, wherein he displayed a solid learning, a constant discretion, and a deep piety, were attended with great profit and de- light by an increasing number of students not only from Bavaria, but also from the other German States, and soon caused him to be regarded as one of the most prominent Catholic professors of his day.

Haneberg was also a distinguished and prolific writer. During the years 1840 and 1841 he worked on his " Die religio.sen Alterth timer der Hebriier", and in 1844 he published his "Einleitung in das Alte Testament" as a text-book for his lectures. In the course of time, he recast both these works, the former of which passed to the second edition in 1869 under the title of "Die religiosen Alterthiimer der Bibel", and the latter of which appeared rewritten as " Ge- schichte der biblischen Offenbarung," and was ren- dered into French by Goschler (Paris, 1856), reaching a fourth edition in 1876. Besides these, his best- known works, he published several others which were chiefly the fruit of his Hebrew and Arabic stuilies, and formed his contribution to the Journal of the Oriental Society and to the transactions of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences of which he became a member in 1848. Among these latter works the following may be mentioned: "Ueber die arabische Psalm- enubersetzung des Saadia ;" " Ueber das Schulw&sen dorMohammedaner;""Er6rterungen uber Bendo-Wa- kidi's Geschichte der Eroberung von Syrien ;" " Ueber dieTheologie des Aristo ties ;" and chiefly his "Canones

S. Hippolyti arabice e codd. Romanis cum versione latina, annotationibus, et prolegomenis." He found time also for contributing articles to the Kirchenlexicon of Wetzer and Welte. Nor did he neglect in any way the various duties of his priestly call ing, such as preach- ing, attendance at the confessional, answers to sick- calls, etc. His learning, and still more his virtues, secured for him great favour at the Bavarian court, and he acted as tutor in the families of the Duke Maxi- milian and Prince Leopold. In 1850, he joined the Order of St. Benedict, and a few years afterwards (1854) was chosen abbot of the Benedictine monas- tery of St. Boniface at Munich. He soon founded the Reform School at Andechs in Upper Bavaria, and a little later he tried, but with small success, to estab- lish missions of his order in Algiers and in the Orient.

At the approach of the Vatican Council he was invited by Pope Pius IX to share in the labours pre- paratory to that august assembly. After the dogma of papal infallibility had been solemnly proclaimed by the Council (18 July, 1870), and publicly accepted by the German Bishops assembled at Fulda (end of August, 1870), Haneberg humbly gave up his former views concerning this point of doctrine, and sincerely submitted to the authority of the Church. From 1864 onwards, several episcopal sees had been offered him, but he had declined them all. At length, how- ever, on his presentation by the King of Bavaria for the Bishopric of Spires and at the instance of the Sovereign Pontiff, the humble abbot accepted that see, and was consecrated 25 August, 1872. His zeal and success in the government of this diocese fully justified his selection for the episcopal dignity. In days of violent opposition to Catholicism in Germany — the days of the framing and application of the Falk Laws (1872-1875) — he unflinchingly fought against the encroachments of the civil power on the ecclesias- tical jurisdiction. He also strenuously, though not always successfully, combated the influence of the Old Catholics of the time. He was most unsparing of himself in his confirmation tours, although the bodily fatigues thus entailed were far too much for his failing strength. After a few days of sickness he succumbed (31 May, 1876) to pneumonia, which he had contracted in one of those episcopal tours, and was lamented by both clergy and people who revered him as a saint.

JocHAM, D. B. Hancfjerff (Wurzburir. 1S74): Schegg, Erin- nerunqen an D. B. von Hanehery (Municli, 1S7S): WpiXHARTin Kirchenlexicon, 3. v.; GuERiN, Dictionnaire de^ Dictionnaires, Supplement (Paris, 1895).

Francis E. Gigot. Hanifs. See Islam.

Hanlon, Henry. See Upper Nile, Vicariate Apostolic of the.

Hanno. See Anno, Saint.

Hanover. — The former Kingdom of Hanover has been a province of the Prussian monarchy since 20 September, 1866. Its nucleus was a region inhabited, when its history began, by Saxon tribes, which sub- sequently formed part of the old Duchy of Saxony. From the year 1137, under the name of the Ouelphic Lands {Welfische Lande), it was under the Dukes of Brunswick. In 1692 this country was raised to the dignity of the ninth electorate, as Hanover (or Bruns- wick-Luneburg). As such it consisted of the Princi- palities of Liineburg (Celle), Calenberg, Gottingen, and Grubenhagen.

After the partition of the Guelphic Lands (1569) it was extended to include the t'ounty of Hoya in 1582, the County of Diepholz in 1585, parts of the County of Schaumburg in 1640, the Duchy of Lauen- burg in 1689, the Duchies of Bremen and Verden in 1719, the Principality of Osnabruck in 1802, the Principality of Hildesheim, Goslar, the Lower Eichs- feld. Eastern Friesland, the Duchy of Aremberg- Meppen, the district of Emsbiiren, the Sub-county of Lingen, and the County of Bentheim in 1814, the