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life of Catholic Hamburg is sustained by numerous associations, among them the Gesellenverein and the Societies of St. Elizabeth and St. Vincent (three con- ferences each).

RiMBERTUS, Vita Ans(jarii in Mon. Germ. Hist.: Script., II, 6S.3-725: Tappehorn, Leben d. hi. Ansgar (.Munster, 1863); Adam of Bremen. Geafa Hammab. cccl. pontif. in Mon. Germ. Hist.: Script., VII, 267-389; Krantz, Metropolis, sive hist, eecles. SaxonicB (BaT, 1548); Lappenberg, //amburf/. Urkunden- buch (Hamburg. 1842); Idem, Hamburg. Chroniken, 1852-61; Hodenberg, Die Dii'zese Bremen und ihre Gam (Celle. 1858- 59): Dehio, Hartirig ion Slade ((iottingen. 1872); Idem, Ge^rh. des Erzbist. Hamburg-Bremen (Berlin, 1877); Drever, Gesch. der kathol. Gemeinden Hamburg und Altona (Schaffbauscn, 1866); Idem, .AnnuiE missionis Hamb. a 1539 ad 1781 (Freiburg, 1867); Hist.-pnlit. Blatter, XC (Munich, 1882), 407 sqq.; Bollheimer, Zeiltafeln der Hamb. Gesch. (Hamburg. 1896-98); WlCHMANN, Hamb. Gesch. in Darstell. aus alter und neuer Zeit (Hamburg, 1889); Koppmann, Aus Hamburgs Vergangenheit (Hamburg. 18S5-86); Pieper. Dip Propaganda-Kongreg. und die Nord. Missionen (&)logne. 1S.S6): Woker. .•1m norddeul. Missionen ((Cologne. 1884); Der Bonijatius Verein (Paderbora. 1899); CuRSCHMANN, Die alteren Papsturk. d. Erzb. Hamburg (Hamburg, 1909). P. ALBERT.

Hamilton, Diocese of (Hamiltonensis), in On- tario, Canada, a suffragan of Toronto. It comprises the counties of Haldimand, Brant, Wentworth, Hal- ton, Waterloo, Wellington, Grey and Bruce, and has 4.3 seculars and 18 religious priests ministering to 55,000 people with 42 churches, 24 chapels and 20 stations. This diocese was erected out of Toronto by papal Bull, 17 Feb., 1856. Its first bishop was Rt. Rev. John Farrell, a native of Ireland, consecrated 11 May, 1856. He introduced CathoHc schools, built St. Mary's cathedral, established academies of the Ladies of Loretto at Hamilton and Guelph, encouraged the founding of St. Jerome's College by the Fathers of the Resurrection, and confided the Owen Sound Missions to the Basilian Fathers. He died 26 Sept., 1873, and was succeeded by Rt. Rev. P. F. Crinnon, born in Ireland in 1818 and consecrated 19 April, 1873. He built St. Patrick's Church, Hamilton, established the House of Providence, Dundas, and secured a site for Holy Sepul- chre cemetery. He died 25 Nov., 1882, and was succeeded by Rt. Rev. James Joseph Carbery, O.P. Bishop Carbery was consecrated 11 Nov., 1883, held an important diocesan synod and died in Ireland, 19 Dec, 1887. Rt. Rev. T" J. Dowling, D. D., bishop of Peterborough, was installed Bishop of Hamilton, 2 May, 1889. Since then 14 new parishes have been established, 28 priests ordained, 22 new churches, schools and presb3^eries erected, besides hospitals at Hamilton and Guelph, and the new House of Provi- dence at Dundas. Of the priests in the diocese, 42 are Canadian by birth, 4 Irish, 4 are from the United States, 4 French, 3 German, 2 Polish, and 2 Italian. Candidates for the priesthood study in St. Jerome's College (Berlin) and Grand Seminary, Montreal. The diocese has 9 parishes for German-speaking people and one Indian parish, besides chapels for Poles and Italians.

There are 51 Catholic separate schools under the Sisters of St. Joseph (Hamilton), the Sisters of Loretto (Toronto), and the Sisters of Notre Dame (Milwau- kee), with 6000 pupils. The State accords to Cath- olic schools practically the same rights as to pub- lic schools. The taxes paid by Catholics go to support Catholic schools only. Teachers, whether religious or lay, must qualify exactly like public school teachers. Higher education of young women is provided for in the academies of the Ladies of Loretto at Hamilton and Guelph. St. Jerome's College, Berlin, in charge of the Resurrectionist Fathers, has 150 pupils. Con- nected with the college is also the American novitiate for candidates before going to Rome to complete their studies. Hamilton, the largest city, has 65,000 popu- lation (about 11,000 Catholics), 5 churches, mother- house, novitiate and house of study of the Sisters of St. Joseph. There are asylums for orphans and destitute children at Hamilton and the St. Agatha homes for the aged and indigent at Dundas and Guelph, hospi-

tals at Guelph and Hamilton. By the "Neglected Children's Act" of Ontario, children of immoral or dissolute parents are adopted by the State, but Cath- olic children must be placed in Catholic homes. In all the civil institutions there is freedom of worship. In addition to the Resurrectionists and Basilians, there are the Jesuits who have charge of Guelph, also of Cape Croker, an Indian mission. The cathedral was consecrated 20 May, 1906. on the occasion of the cele- bration of " the golden Jubilee " of the diocese.

Teeft, Hislnru of the Diocese of Toronto (Toronto, 1892); O'Reilly, Golden Jubilee of the Diocese of Hamilton (Hamilton, 1906); Archives of St. Mary's Cathedral.

J. M. Mahony.

Hamilton, John, Archbishop of St. Andrews; b. 1511; d. at Stirling, 1571; a natural son of James, first Earl of Arran. Placed in childhood with the Benedictines of Kilwinning, he acquired, through James V, the abbacy of Paisley, which he held from the age of fourteen till his death. It is doubtful whether he ever actually entered the order. After studying in Gla.sgow he entered the LTniversity of Paris. There he received holy Orders, and returned to Scotland in 1543. His half-brother James, second Earl of Arran, being then regent during Mary Stuart's minority, Hamilton was speedily promoted to impor- tant offices of state, becoming privy seal, and later, high treasurer. Knox's " Historic" gives evidence of the hopes entertained by the reformers of winning him over, but he soon showed himself a strong partisan of Cardinal Beaton and the Catholic party, and was in- strumental in overcoming the Protestant sympathy of Arran and reconciling him with the cardinal. In 1544 Hamilton was appointed Bishop of Dunkeld, and after the assassination of Beaton, succeeded that prelate not only as metropolitan, but also as the prominent opponent of nascent Protestantism. By the assem- bling of ecclesiastical councils in 1549, 1552 and 1559, the archbishop took an important part in the framing of statutes for the much-needed reformation of the clergy and religious instruction of the laity. When the packed parliament of 1560 voted the overthrow of Catholicism and the adoption of the Protestant " Con- fession of Faith", Hamilton was the leading dissen- tient. He has been accused of making too feeble a protest, but his correspondence with Beaton, Arch- bishop of Glasgow, then in Paris, shows that he re- garded the matter as one of less serious import than events proved. When the Abbey of Paisley was wrecked by the reforming mob in that same year, Hamilton narrowly escaped with his life. In 1563 he was seized and put to trial together with forty-seven other ecclesiastics, on the charge of saying Mass and hearing confessions, contrary to the new laws; after imprisonment for a time, he was released through the queen's intervention. He baptized with solemn rites, in December, 1566, the infant prince James, after- wards James VI. The opposition of the Protestant party to the use of Catholic ceremonies, upon which Mary was determined, had delayed the baptism for six months. The queen having restored the archbishop's consistorial jurisdiction, which the parliament of 1560 had abolished, he took his seat in the as.sembly of 1567. In the troubles which beset the hapless Mary, Hamilton was the queen's constant supporter. After the ruin of her hopes at Langside, and her flight into England, which he had done his utmost to prevent, he was compelled to seek his own safety in Dumbarton Castle, but in 1571 that stronghold was cast down and Hamilton taken prisoner. He was carried to Stirling, and three days after his capture, was hanged there in his pontifical vestments on the common gibbet. No record remains of any formal trial; he was put to death on the strength of his previous forfeiture as a traitor on the fall of Mary. Though a man of wisdom and moderation, possessed of many sterling qualities, and a valiant champion of the Catholic cause, Haniil-