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 HAMBLEY

121

HAMBURG

of 45,000 inhabitants, prettily situated on the Orontes. It is the residence of a Mutessarif, depending on Da- mascus. The main portion of the population is Mus- sulman, but there are about 10,000 Christians of vari- ous rites. It has two Catholic archbishops, a Greek Melehite and a Syrian, the one residing at labroud, the other at Horns, reuniting the titles of Homs { Emesus) and Hamah (Missiones Catholicae, 781-804). The Orthodox Greeks have a bishop of their own for either see. The modern town is without interest, the main curiosity of the place being the norias used for water- ing the gardens.

Lequien, Oriens Christianus, II, 915-918; Blumenbach, Antiquitates Epiphaniorum (Leipzig, 1737); Jdllien, Sinai et Syrii, 189-192; Legendre in Diet, de la Bible, s. v. Emath.

S. Salaville.

Hambley, John, Venerable, English martyr (suf- fered 1587), born and educated in Cornwall, and con- verted by reading one of Father Persons' books in 1582. After his course at Reims (158.3-1585), he re- turned and worked for a year in the Western Counties. Betrayed and captured about Easter, 1586, he was tried and condemned at Taunton. He saved his life for the moment by denying his faith, tlien managed to break prison, and fled to Salisbury. Next Augu.st, however, the Protestant bishop there, in his hatred of the ancient Faith, resolved to search the houses of Catholics on the eve of the Assumption, suspecting that he might thus catch a priest, and in fact Hambley was recaptured. Being now in a worse plight than ever, his fears increased; he again offered conformity, and this time gave up the names of most of his Cath- olic friends. Next Easter he was tried again, and again made offers of conformity. Yet after this third fall he managed to recover himself, and suffered near Salisbury "standing to it manfully, and inveighing much against his former fault ". How he got the grace of final perseverance was a matter of much specula- tion. One contemporary. Father Warford, believed it was due to his guardian angel, but another. Father Gerard, with greater probability, tells us that iiis strength came from a fellow-prisouer, Thomas Pil- chard, afterwards himself a martyr.

Thr Rambler. II (Lonrion, 18.5S), 325-35: Pollen. Calholic Record Society. V (Ixjndon. 190S), 289; Idem, AcU of English Martyrs (London, 1891), 268-70.

J. H. Pollen.

Hamburg, a city supposed to be identical with the Marionis of Ptolemy, was founded by a colony of fish- ermen from Lower Saxony, who settled on the wooded heights {hamma-wald) at the end of a tongue of land between the Elbe and the Alster, on the spot now occupied by the church of St. Peter and the Johan- neum Gymnasium. Between 805 and 810 Charle- magne fortified the place and used it as a base of operations for the diffusion of (Christianity in the North. By permission of Gregory IV, Louis the Pious estab- lished there an archiepiscopal see, in 8.31, with juris- diction over all missions in Scandinavia, Northern Russia, Iceland, and Greenland. The see was given to St. Ansgar, the Apostle of the North, but the piratical raids of the Northmen and the Obotrites compelled him to remove to Bremen. When, in 845, the Bishop of Bremen died, An.sgar sought to have the two sees united, and his request was granted, but the consolidation was not ratified by Nicholas I until 31 May, 864, Bremen being detached from the metro- politan Province of Cologne. Ansgar died in 865, after preparing the way for the conversion of Sweden and giving new life to the missionary movement among the Danes. He was succeeded bv his disciple Rim- bert, a second Apostle of the North (865-88), who carried on the work of evangelization in Denmark and Sweden in spite of repeated raids by the Northmen and the Wenils. Rimbert's immediate successors were St. Adalgar (888-909) and Holger (909-916),

both of them monks from Corvey, in whose time Co- logne renewed its claims to metropolitan jurisdiction. Under Reginwart (916-18), the successor of Holger, the diocese was overrun by the Huns, who burned Bremen. Of the succeeding archbishops, St. Unni (918-36) became known as the third Apostle of the North, such was his energy, and so successful was he, in evangelizing Denmark and Sweden, while St. Adal- gag (936-88) is credited with having established the suffragan Sees of Aarhuus (946), Schleswig (c. 948), Ripen (950), and Odensee (980), as well as the Wen- dish See of Oldenburg, later Liibeck (940). Luben- tius I (988-1013), an Italian, proved a very able administrator of the diocese. Like St. Ansgar, he was forced by the Danish pirates to flee in order to save his own life and the sacred treasures of the Church. The first Swedish see was established at Skara during the incumbency of LTnwann (1013-30). Lubentius II (1030-32) established a chapter of can- ons at Hamburg, the city having been rebuilt in 1015. He also founded a hospital and organized in a prac- tical way the work of relieving the poor. The next archbishop was Hermann (1032-35), who was suc- ceeded by Bezzelin Alebrand (1035—13). The latter built the stone cathedral and the archiepiscopal palace, and transferred the see to Hamburg.

The united See of Hamburg-Bremen reached both the height of its greatness and the depth of its mis- fortune under Adalbert the Cireat (1043-72), a scion of the royal Saxo-Thuringian line, and a remarkable man in every respect. He was contemporary with Adam of Bremen (died c. 1076), the first and best of the medieval historians of North Germany. Adam's chief work is' the " Gesta Hammaburgensis Ecclesiae Pontificum" in four books, the third of which deals exclusively with the administration of Adalbert, whose loyal and devoted adherent he was, though he did not deny or conceal that prelate's weaknesses or mistakes. The political eminence attained bj- Adalbert makes Adam's work exceedingly important for the history of the German Empire. It may be noted that the fourth book of the "Gesta", entitled " Descriptio Insularum Aquilonis" (Account of the Islands of the North) is unique in its kind, and is in fact a geography of Northern Europe and of the Baltic Coast so far as those regions were then known at Bremen. The de- cline of the metropolitan See of Hamburg-Bremen was hastened under the administration of Adalbert's successors, Liemar (1072-1101) and Humbert (1101- 04). On account of their opposition to Gregory VII, they were compelled to reside outside of the diocese. Externally, the decline of Hamburg was indicated by the separation from it of the See of Lund, which be- came the metropolitan of the entire Germanic North. As the Wendish sees had already disappeared, Ham- burg-Bremen had now only nominal suffragans. This state of affairs prevailed during the period following, in spite of the efforts of Frederick (1104-23) and Adalbero (1123-48). Hartwig I, of Stade (1148-68), a clever and energetic, but haughty, prelate, who introduced brick into the construction of the many and magnificent churches which he built, made things worse by his quarrel with Henry the Lion, who, in the incumbency of Baldwin of Holland (1169-78), was not only the temporal lord of Hamburg-Bremen, but also dominated the ecclesiastical administration. Whatever Sigfrid, the successor of Hartwig, accom- phshed in the brief period from 1178 to 1184 was undone under Hartwig 11, of Iltede (1184-1207). His death was followed by a disputed election, the Hamburg chapter supporting the claims of Burkhard of Stumpenhusen, prior of the cathedral, while the Bremen chapter chose for bishop Waldemar of Schles- wig. Even the speedy death of Burkhard did not put an end to the conflict, and Gerhard I, of Oldenburg, though elected by the comliined chapters in 1210, did not take possession of his see until 1216. Under