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tomonarchie?: in the third (ISIS) to mihtary powers; in the fourth (1820) and fifth (1834) to ecclesiastical states; and in the sixth (1825) to republics. This work, written primarily to counteract Rousseau's •'Contrat Social", has been thus commented on: "It was not merely a book, but a great political achieve- ment. As such it found not only innumerable fanati- cal friends but even more numerous enemies." There is no doubt that his weakness consists in the fact that he does not make sufficient distinction between the State and other natural social relations. The book in its entirety was tran.slated into Italian, part of it into French, and an abridged version into English, Latin, and Spanish. All his later writings are influenced l)y the ideas here set forth, and oppose vigorously the rev- olutionary tendencies of the times and the champions of liberalism in Church and State.

ScHERER, Erinnerungen am Grabe //aiiers (Solothurn, 1854); Notice «!ir la i>ie ei Us ecrils de Hallo- (Fribourg, 1S54); Mohl, Gegchichte und Literatur der StaatstrisBenBchaflcn, 11, 529-60.

Patricius Schl.^ger.

Hallerstein. See Allerstein, August.

Halloy, Je.vn-Baptiste-Julie."^ d'O.malius, Belgian geologist, b. at Liege, Belgium, 16 p'eljruary, 1783; d. at Brussels, 1.5 January, 187.5. He was the only son of an ancient and noble family, and his education was carefully directed. After completing his classical studies he was .sent to Paris in 1,801 by his parents to avail himself of the social and literary advantages of the metropolis. A hvely interest, however, in natural history awakened by the works of Buffon, directe<l his steps to the museums and the Jardin des Plantcs. He visited Paris again in 1803 and 180.5, and during these periods attended the lectures of Fourcroy, Laco- pede, and C'uvier. His homeward journeys were usu- ally made the occasion of a geological expedition through northern France. He thus conceived the project of making a series of surveys throughout the whole country. This was furthered by a commission to execute a geological map of the empire which brought with it exemption from military duty. He devoted himself energetically to the work and by 1813 had traversed over 1.5, .500 miles in France and por- tions of Italy. His family had, however, but little sympathy with his geological activity, and persuaded him about this time to give up his expeditions. The map which he had made of France and the neighbour- ing territories was not published until 1822 and served as a basis for the more detailed surveys of Dufr^noy and Elie de Beaumont, .\ftcr having served as sous- intendant of the arrondissement of Dinant and gen- eral secretary of the province of Liege, he became in 1815 governor of Xamur. He held this office until after the Revolution of 1830. He was elected a mem- ber of the Belgian Senate in 184S, became its vice- president in 18.51, was made a member of the .\cadcmy of Brussels in 1S16, and was elected its president in 18.50.

As a statesman Halloy had at heart the well-being of the j)eople and, though his ihities allowed him little opportunity for extended geological research, he re- tained a lively interest in his favourite science anil engaged occasionally in field work. In his later years he gave much attention to (jucstions of ethnology and philosophy. His death was hastened by the exertions of a scientific expedition undertaken alone in his ninety-first year.

Halloy was one of the pioneers of modern geology, and in partievilar laid the foimdation of geological knowledge over wide areas. He made important studies in tlie carboniferous districts of Belgium and the Rhine provinces and in the Tertiary deposits of the Paris basin. He was a practical Catholic during his long and active life, and was characterized hy his loyalty and devotion to the Church. He insisted on the harmony between faith and science, making this the subject of his oration on the occasion of the golden

jubilee of the Belgian Academy in 1866. .\mong his published works are: "Description gdologique des Pays-Bas" (182S); "Elc^ments de Gf^ologie " (1831). "Introduction a la G^ologie" (1833); "Coup d'oeil sur la geologic de la Belgique" (1842); " PrC-cis ^1^ mentaire de Gc'ologie " (1843); "Abr^g^ de (ieologie" (1853) ; "Des Races humaines ou Elements d'Ethnog- raphie" (1845).

DuPONT. Annuaire de VAcademie Belgique (Brussels. 1876), XLII. 181; Kneller, Das Chrislentum u. die VcTlretir der ncuercn Xaturwisscnschaft (Kreihurp, 1904), 266: von Zittel, Hist, of Geology and I'aUeontulogy (London, 1901).

Henry M. Brock.

Halm, Friedrich. See Munch-Bellinghausen, Eligius Franz Joseph von

Halma, Nicholas, French mathematician; b. at Sedan, 31 December, 1755; d. at Paris, 4 Jtnie, 1828. He was educate<l at the College of Plessis, Paris, took Holy orders, and received the title of Abb^. In 1791 he became principal of Sedan College. AVhen this school was closed in 1793, he went to ParLs and entered military service as surgeon. In 1794 he was ap- pointed secretary to the Polytechnic School. He held the chair of mathematics at the Prj'tan^e of Paris, and then that of geography in the military school at Fontainebleau. As librarian of the Empress Jose- phine and of the Ecole des Fonts et Chauss^es, he was charged to instruct the empress in history and geogra- phy. Under the Restoration he was appointed cura- tor at the librarj- of Sainte Genevieve and became a canon of Notre Dame. In 1808 he was commissioned by the minister of the interior to continue the "His- tory of France" of Velly, and prepared the manu- script of two volumes. His most important work, however, was the editing and the tran.slating into Latin and French of Ptolemy's "Almagest" (Paris, 1813-16). This work, undertaken at the instance of Lagrange and Delambre, is used to this day, almost exclusively, as a standard in connexion with the his- tory of astronomy. He also translated the "Com- mentaries" of Theon (Paris, 1822-25). Other works of his are: "Table pascale du moine Isaac Argj're" (Paris, 182,5); " Astrologic dgyptienne" (Pari.s, 1824); "Examen historique et critique des monuments astronomiques des anciens" (Paris, 1830).

Rose. New Gaieral Biographical Dictionary (London, 1857); Wolf. Genchichtc der Astronomic (Munich, 1877); Cantor, Geschichle der Mathematik (Leipzig, 18S0).

William Fox. Halo. See Nimbus.

Ham, SON of Noe. See Cham.

Hamatha C\matha), a titular see of Syria Secunda, suffragan of .Apamea. Hamath was the capital of a Canaanite kingdom (IV Kings, xxiii, 33; xxiv, 21) whose king, Thou, congratulated David on his victory over the king of Soba (II Kings, viii, 9-11; I Chron., xiii, 9-11). Solomon, it would seem, took possession of Ilamath and its territory (III Kings, iv, 21-24; II Chron., viii, 4). Amos (vi, 2) calls the town "Ha- math the Great". The Assyrians took possession of it in the seventh century b'. c. At the time of the Macedonian conquest it was given the name Epiph- ania, no doubt in honour of Antiochus Epiphanes. Aquila and Theodoretus call it Emath-Epiphania. It is a.s Epiphania that it is best known in ecclesiastical documents. Lequien (Oriens Christimuis, II, 915- 918) mentions nine Greek bishops of Epiphania. The first of them, whom he calls Mauritius, is the MoW- Keios whose signature appears in the Council of Ni- ctea (Gelzer, " P.atrum Nicienoriun Nomina", p. Ixi). Conquered by the Arabs in 639, the town regained its ancient name, and has since retained it, under the form Hamali, meaning a fortress.

Tancred took it in 1108. but in lllSthe Franks lost it definitively. The .\rah geographer, Yakout (1148- 1229), was born there. The modern Hamah is a town