Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 7.djvu/149

 HALBERSTADT

117

HALIFAX

I'stration of justice, government, and military affairs were carried out, and suitaljle measures were taken to promote commerce and to advance the deep sea fishing industry. At this juncture Jamtland and Vermland were annexed to Norway, provinces which that covmtry afterwards lost to Sweden. Having been brought up a Christian, and being firmly con- vinced of tile Ijenign influence of Christianity on the intellectual as well as the moral life of mankind, Hakon attempted by precept and by duress to spread the new faith, and to root out paganism with_ its bloody ceremony. But meanwhile the sons of King Eric had grown up, and Hakon stood in need of the help of the entire nation in order to repel their in- vasion. Consequently, to his grief, he was com- pelled first to let matters rest half-way and sulxse- quently to tolerate paganism which was still powerful. Finally, to escape the fury of tfie fanatical pagans, he was forced to take part in their sacrifices. When the heathens, however, subsequently grew so arro- gant as to demolish Christian temples and murder Christian priests, the gallant prince determinetl to punish the criminals at all hazards and to enforce the laws he had enacted for the conversion of the nation. Taking advantage of the civil war that ensued, three of Eric's sons (Gamle, Harold, and Sigurd) landed unnoticed on Hoerdaland in 9.50 (961) and surprised the king at Fitje. The latter, although he was at the head of only a few faithful followers and vastly out- numbered, drove the enemy back to his ships. During the over-hasty pursuit of the vanquished, Hakon was struck in the forearm by an arrow, which caused the hero's death by haemorrhage. He expressed his contrition for his sins before dying, begged the for- giveness of those who were present, and recommended his former enemy Harold as his successor, excluding his daughter Thora from the succession. As he had deemed himself unworthy of a Christian burial (?), he was interred according to ancient custom as a warrior in a raised mound at his palace at Sacim near Lygren in Nortlhoexdadalen. He left behind him an honoured name. The people surnamed him "the Good", and historians extol him as the second founder of Norway's power. His memory lived long in songs and is not forgotten even to-day.

Munch. Det norske Folks Hisforie, I (Christiania, 1852), 1; Sars. Udsigt over den norske Histories pt. I (Christiania, lS7:i); Bang. Udsigt over den norske Kirkes Historie under Katholic- ismen (Christiania, 1S.S7): Historisk Tidskrift (udgivet af den norske Historiske Forening) (Christiania, 1S70J; Wittmann ia Kirchenlex., s. v. Schiceden und Norwegen.

Pius WlTTMANN.

Halberstadt. See Paderborn, Diocese of.

Hales, Alexander of. See Alexander op Hales.

Halicarnassus, a titular see of Caria, suffragan of Stauropolis. It was a colony from Troezen in Argolis, and one of the six towns that formed the Dorian Hexap- olis in Asia Minor. It was situated on Ceramic Gulf and the isthmus known as Zephyrion, whence its origi- nal name, Zephyria, was protected by many forts, and was the largest and strongest town in Caria. Its har- bour was also famous. The Persians imposed tyrants on the town who subdued all Caria, and remained faith- ful to Persia, though they adopted the Greek language, customs, and arts. Its queen, Artemisia, and her fleet were present with Xerxes at Salamis. Another Arte- misia is famous for the magnificent tomb (Mausoleum) she built for her husband, Mausolus, at Halicarnassus, a part of which is now in the British Museum. The town was captured and burnt by Alexander. Though rebuilt, it never recovered its former prosperity, and gradually disappeared almost from history. The his- torians Herodotus and Dionysius were born there. It is the modern Bodrum, the chief town of a caza in the vilayet of Smyrna, and has 6000 inhabitants, of whom 3 iOO are Mussulmans and 2200 Greeks. Halicarnas- sus is mentioned (I Mach., xv, 23) among the towns to

which the consul Lucius sent the letter announcing the alliance between Rome and the high-priest Simon. To its Jewish colony the Romans, at a later date, gave permission to build houses of prayer near the sea coast (Josephus, Ant. jud., XIV, x, 23). In the "Notitia; Episcopatuum" mention of it occurs imtil the twelfth or thirteenth centiuy. Lequien (Oriens Christ., I, 913) mentions three bishops: Calandion, who sent a representative to the Council of Chalcedon, 451; Julian, condemned in 536 as an Aphthartodocetist; Theoctistus, present at the Council of Constanti- nople, 553. At the Second Council of Nictea in 787, the see was represented by the deacon Nicetas.

Newton, A Hislory of Discoveries at Halicarnassus. Cnidus, and Branchidce (London, 1S62-.3); Smith, Diet, of Greek and Roman Geogr., s. v.: CriNET, La Turquie d' Asie (Paris, 1S94), 602-664; Beurlieh in Vic Z)ic(. de la Bible, s. v.

S. Petrides.

Halicz. See Lemberg, Archdiocese of.

Halifax, Abchdiocese of (Halifaxiensis). — ^This see takes its name from the city of Halifax which has been the seat of government in Xova Scotia since its foundation by Lord Cornwallis in 1749. The archdio- cese includes the middle and western counties of the province (Halifax, Lunenburg, Queens, Shelburne, Yarmouth, Digby, Annapolis, Kings, Hants, Cumber- land, and Colchester), and the British colony, Ber- muda. The island last mentioned has been attached to the archdiocese since 1S51. It has a population of about 10,000, of whom about 700 are Catholics. The majority of these are Portuguese or of Portuguese extraction. Bermuda has one resident priest. There is a convent school at Hamilton, the capital of Ber- muda, which is in charge of the Sisters of Charity. The portion of the archdiocese which lies witliin the Province of Nova Scotia had at the last federal census (1901) a Catholic population of 54,. SOL Of this num- ber about forty per cent are descendants of the early French settlers; they reside principally in the Coun- ties of Yarmouth and Digby, at Chezzetcook in the County of Halifax, and in portions of Cumberland Covmty. At Church Point, Digby County, is St. Anne's College, which is devoted to the education of the French Acadian youth. It is conducted by the Eudist Fathers. Within the archdiocese is Port Royal, now known as Annapolis. It was founded by De Monts in 1604, and, with the exception of the early Spanish settlement in Florida, it is the oldest Euro- pean settlement in North America. With De Monts came Rev. Nicholas Aul:)ry and another priest, and at Port Royal in that year the Holy Sacrifice was offered up by them for the first time on what is now Canadian soil. From the founding of Port Royal down to the time of the cruel expulsion of the Acadians in 1755, the Catholic missionaries who laboured in Nova Sco- tia, or Acadia as it was then called, came from France. Some of the early priests were Jesuits. After the col- ony had been temporarily broken up by Argall in 1613, the Recollect Fathers arrived, and, besides attending to the spiritual wants of the French settlers, they laboured with great success in converting the Mic- macs, the native Indians of Nova Scotia. In 1632 Capuchin Friars of the jirovince of Paris were sent to Acadia, and were still at work among the Indians in 1655. One of the most famous of the French mission- aries was Abbe Antoine- Simon MaiUard, who left France in 1741. He acquired great influence over the Indians, to whom he ministered with devoted zeal. He was taken prisoner by the English, but on account of the favour with which he was regarded by the Mic- macs he was not expelled. His aid was invoked in making treaty arrangements with the natives. In 1760 he was made administrator of Acadia. He car- ried on his missionary labours down to the time of his death in 1762. He was highly esteemed by the civil authorities, and his name is held in great veneration by the Micmacs to this day.