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 HAITO

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HAITO

fered with under the British occupation (1794-8), was able to improve more and more. But in the south the prefect Apostolic, Pere Viriot, was murdered. When Toussaint L'Ouverture came to power in 1800, he re- stored its rights to the CathoHc rehgion. But mean- while the council of Constitutional bishops at Paris had nominated a bishop of Santo Domingo, who, how- ever, obtained no recognition either from Toussaint or the Capuchins. In 1802 General Leclerc restored the former jurisdictions of Cap-Haitien and Port-au- Prince, and named as prefects Apostolic Peres Cor- neille Brelle, O.Cap., and Lecun, O.P., these arrange- ments being confirmed at Rome. On account of the massacre in 1804 nearly all the clergy left the colony, so that for two years the only religious services given at Port-au-Prince were held by a former sacristan. After the overthrow of James I (1806) some mission- aries returned.

After many years of fruitless negotiations, a con- cordat was signed at Rome, 28 March, ISGO. In Dec, 1860, Mgr. Monetti arrived as .\postolic delegate.

The Concordat provides that the Catholic religion shall enjoy the special protection of the Government. The president nominates the archliishop and bishops, but the pope can refuse them canonical institution. The clergy receive an annual salary of 1200 francs from the State.

Five bishoprics were erected in 1861 ; the Archbish- opric of Port-au-Prince, and the suffragan Sees of Cap-Haitien, Les Cayes, Gonaives, and Port-de-Paix. The .Archbishop of Port-au-Prince at first adminis- tered all the dioceses. A separate bishop was not appointed to Cap-Haitien till 1873, and was at the same time entrusted with the administration of Port- de-Pabc. In 1893 a separate bishop was appointed for Les Cayes; while Gonaives is still administered by the archbishop. On the conclusion of the Concordat, three fathers of the Congregation of the Holy Ghost and of the Holy Heart of Mary were sent to Port-au-Prince. These restored the regular parish organization in the capital. The first archbishop, du Cosquer, and his successor, Quillou.x, visited France to enlist new priests. Owing to the unhealthy tropical climate, death caused serious gaps in the ranks of the clergy; thus, at the beginning of 1906, out of .516 priests who had come from France since 1864, 200 had died, 1.50 were still at their posts, and the rest were invalided to Europe. To ensure recruits, Mgr. du Cosquer estab- lished at Paris in 1864 the Saint-Martial Seminary, which was united with the Colonial Seminary con- ducted by the Fathers of the Holy Ghost; it received a State subvention of 20,000 francs per annum, the pay- ment of which, however, was suspended owing to the political troubles of 1867, and in 1869 it was entirely abrogated. When, in 1870 owing to the war, the Fathers of the Holy Ghost gave up the direction of the seminary, Mgr. Quilloux founded a new seminary in Pontchateau (Loire inferieure) in 1873 under the direc- tion of the Fathers of the Society of Mary. Finally in 1893 the seminary was removed to St-Jacques (Finisterre), and its direction entrusted to secular priests; Pontchateau Seminary had sent 196 priests to Haiti, and St. Jacques in 15 years (down to 1909) 171. In 1864, in the whole of Haiti, there were only 34 priests devoted to the care of souls in the 65 parishes and 7 annexes. The progress which the Church has made in Haiti since then is shown by the fact that there are now (1909) 182 priests and 92 parishes.

Of ecclesiastical seminaries and schools, Haiti has:

(1) at Port-au-Prince the "Petit Seminaire-College", under the Fathers of the Holy Ghost and of the Holy Heart of Mary. There is affiliated to it a children's school; also a meteorological observatory. A second observatory was founded by the Christian Brothers;

(2) in Cap-Haitien, the College of Notre-Dame-du- Perpetuel-Secours, directed by four secular priests. The religious societies include: (1) the Brothers of

Christian Instruction, who direct a secondary school at Port-au-Prince, besides nine primary schools else- where; (2) the Sisters of St. Joseph of Cluny direct a pensionnat in Port-au-Prince, and eighteen primary schools elsewhere (also 2 hospitals); (3) the Sisters de la Sagesse, who direct a pensionnat in Port-au- Prince, 5 primary schools and 3 hospices. Of eccle- siastical benevolent institutions there are: an orphan asylum for girls and 2 hospitals, of which one is sup- ported at the cost of the clergy, while the other is directed by the Dames Patronesses. The Society of St. Vincent de Paul also labours in Port-au-Prince. Among the religious associations mention may also be made of: the Third Order of St. Francis, and the Confraternities of the Sacred Heart, the Holy Rosary, the Children of Mary, the Christian Mothers, La Per- s^v^rence, etc.

Du TeRtre. Histoire gencrale des Ant-Isles habilres par le^ Franfais (3 vols.. Paris. 1671): Charlevoix, Hisloire de I'lsle Espaqnole ou de Si-Dominique (Paris, 17.30); Moreau de Sat.vt- Mert. Lens et Constitutions des Colonies Fran^aises de I'A meri- Que sous le Veni de 1550 it 17S5 (6 vols., Paris. 17.S4-.5); Idem, Description topographiQue, phusique, civile, politique et historique de la partie jran^aise de St-Dominique (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1798), Jordan, Gesch. der Insel Hayti. I-II (Leipzig, 1846-9); Madiou. Histoire d' Haiti (3 vols., Port-au-Prince. 1847-8); .\RDnuiv. Etudes sur I'histoire d'Haiti (11 vols., Paris. 1853-6); Handelman. Gesch. von Hayti (Kiel. 18S6); Lin.stant-Pra- Di.vE, Reeueil grnernl des lois et actes du Gouvememcnt d'Haiti (6 vols.. Paris, 1866); Edouard. Reeueil general des lois et des actes du Gouvemement d'Haiti (2 vols., 1888), continuation of the preceding work to the year 1845: La Selve. Histoire de la lit- tcrature haitienne (Versailles, 1876): Idem, Le Pays des Nigres: Voyage a Haiti (Paris, 1881): Janvier, La Ripublique d'Haiti, 1840-82 (Paris, 1883): St. John. Haiti, or the Blaci: Republic (London, 1884: 2nd ed., ibid., 1889); Matron. Documents pour I'histoire d'Haiti (Paris, 1890). dealing with the Revolution of 1888-9; ViBERT, La Republique d'Haiti, son present, son avenir c'conomiffue (Paris, 1895), a reckless diatribe against the clergy of Haiti, cfr. Anon.. Simple rcplique ti M. Paul Vibert (Paris. 1897); TippENHAUER. Die Inset Haiti (Leipzig. lS9;i); Justin, Etudes sur les institutions haUiennes, I-II (Paris. 1894-5); SuND-STRAL, Aus dcr schwarzen Rcpublik (Leipzig, 1903); Leger. Haiti, her History and Detractors (New York. 1907); de V'aissiere. Saint-Dominique, la socitte et la vie Creoles sous I'ancien regime, 1629-1789 (Paris, 1909). Concerning the Con- cordat see: Dubois, Deux ans et demi de ministcre (2nd ed.. Paris, 1867): Guilloux, Le Concordat d'Haiti, ses resultats (Rennes. 1885). For mission-histon,-: Piolet, La France au dehors: les Missions catholiques fran^aises au XIX' siixle, VI (Paris, 1903), 302-30, where a bibliography is given; Caplan, La France en Haiti: Catholicisme, Vaudoux, Mafonnerie (Paris, s. d.); Pouplard, Notice sur I'hist. de I'Eglise de Port-au-Prince (Port-au-Prince. 1905). Periodicals: Bulletin Religieux d'Haiti (Port-au-Prince. 1872 — ) ; La Croix — Catholic Weekly (1895-8) : Ordo divini officii in usum prov. ecd. haitiance (Paris), issued an- nually with statistics.

Gkegor Reinhold.

HaitO (H.\TTo), Bishop of Basle; b. in 763, of a noble family of Swabia; d. 17 March, 836, in the Abbey of Reichenau, on an island in the Lake of Constance. At the age of five he entered that monastery. Abbot Waldo (786-806) made him head of the monastic school, and in this capacity he did much for the in- struction and classical training of the monks, as well as for the growth of the librarj'. When Waldo was transferred to the Abbey of St. Denis, near Paris, in 806, Haito was made Abbot of Reichenau, and about the same time Bishop of Basle. He enjoyed the con- fidence of Charlemagne and in 811 was sent with others to Constantinople on a diplomatic mission, which he fulfilled to the satisfaction of his master. The interests of his diocese and abbey were not neg- lected. He rebuilt the cathedral of Basle and the abbey church of Reichenau, and issued appropriate instructions for the guidance of clergy and people in the ways of religion. In 823 he resigned both posi- tions, owing to serious infirmities, and spent the re- mainder of his life as a simple monk in the monastery of Reichenau.

Haito was the author of several works. He wrote an account of his journey to Constantinople, the " Hodoeporicon", of which, however, no trace has been found so far. In 824 he wrote the "Visio Wettini" (P. L., CV, 771 sqq.; Mon. Germ. Hist.: Poetae Lat.