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HAGUE

O.S.B.; Ruinart, "Acta mart-\Tum sincera", and the Assemani, "Acta martyrura Orientalium", have fur- nished important supplements to the work.

Especially since the middle of the nineteenth cen- tury a host of solid works have made their appearance to push forward hagiographic science to a notable extent. We may recall here the fine editions of the lives of German saints in the collection of the " Monu- menta Germania; historica", the numerous Greek te.xts brought to light Ijy M. Papadopoulos-Kerameus and other learned Hellenists in various countries, the recent publications of Oriental writers mentioned above, and a mass of labours in minute details which have often opened new paths for the science of criti- cism. In passing, we may mention the researches of R. A. Lipsius on the apocryphal Acts of the Apostles and the beautiful studies of M. P. Franchi de' Cava- lieri on a selection of Acts of the martyrs. The " Bul- letin des publications hagiographiques " of the "Ana- lecta Bollandiana " may fill in for the reader the gaps left by this rapid review. Something should also be said as to the progress of hagiographical criticism as applied to martyrologies; but the subject is worthy of a special article. It would not be proper, however, to pass over in silence the researches of J. B. De Rossi and of L. Duchesne on the Hieronymic Martyr- ologium and the critical edition to which these re- searches have led (.\cta Sanctorum, November, II, at the beginning of the volume). The critical researches on historical martyrologies brilliantly inaugurated by Sollerius (" Martyrologium Usuardi" in "Acta Sanc- torum", June, VI, VII) have been enlarged and brought into line with modern criticism by D. Quen- tin (" Les martyrologes historiques", Paris, 1908).

As will be readily understood, the distinction which we have establishetl lietween practical and scientific hagiography is not always sharply defined. More than one attempt has been made to conciliate science with

Eiety and to supply the latter with nourishment that as been passed through the sieve. The first collection of saints' lives conceived in this spirit is that of \. Baillet, "Les Vies des saints compos^es sur ce qui nous est rest^ de plus authentique et de plus assure dans leurs histoires" (Paris, 1701), the first volumes of which (January-August) were put upon the Index (cf. Reusch, " Der Index der verbotenen Bucher", II, 552). Again, the programme of a series of separate saints' lives, edited in France under the title "Les Saints", was inspired by a like idea of edifying the reader with biographies which should be irreproach- able from the historical point of view. It is hardly necessary to add that more than one hagiographical publication of erudite and critical pretensions po.s.ses- ses no importance from a scientific point of view. Examples are as numerous as thej' appear superfluous.

HiPPOLYTE DeLEHAYE.

Hague, The (Fr. La Hate; Dutch 's Gravenhage, "the Count's Park"; Lat. H.\ga Co.mitis), capital and seat of Government of the Kingdom of the Nether- lands as well as of the (civil) Province of South Hol- land. It is situated two miles from the shores of the German Ocean, on a piece of low ground, which was at one time thicklv wooded, between the mouths of the Maas and the Old Rhine. In 190S it had 2.5-1, .")00 inhab- itants, of whom 71,000 were Catholics, .\niong the most noteworthy edifices are the Gothic Groote Kerk (Great Church), originally a Catholic church, dating from the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, the Nieuwe Kerk (New Church) built in 1610, with the monuments of the brothers de Witt and of Spinoza. Of the nine Catholic churches in the city the most famous are St. James's (built, in 1S78, by CuTOers), St. Joseph's (1868), St. Anthonv's (1835), and the Willibrordus (built, 1821; enlarged, 1865). TheBin- nenhof is historically the most important public edifice. It is an irregular pile of architecture of

various dates, enclosing a square court and formerly surrounded by a moat. The nucleus of the whole is the Rittersaal (Hall of the Knights), which dates from the time of the city's foundation. In the Bin- nenhof are the council chambers of the old States- General, as well as the a.s.scnilily halls of both houses of the actual Parliament of the Netherlands. Other structures worthy of mention are the royal palace, built in the first half of the seventeenth century and extended in l.sKi; the .Mauritzhuis picture gallery, rich in masterpieces of Kembnmdt, Potter, and Ru- bens, the City Hall (erected in 15(i."); enlarged and restored 1S82-S.3), and the royal country residence, 't Huis ten Bosch (the House in the Wood), the meet- ing place of the famous first International Peace Con- ference.

Ecclesiastically, The Hague is a deanery of the Diocese of Haarlem, and has nine parishes, two of which are aclministcrcil by Jesuits (eighteen fathers)

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and one by Franci-scans (nine fathers). There are also houses of the Brothers of Mercy, the Brothers of the Congregation of Our Laurg, the Sisters of Rosendaal, the Sisters of Delft, the Borromean Sisters (two convents), and the Ladies of the Sacred Heart (one school). There are numerous pious associations, of which the most important are the Dutch Society of St. (iregory, the League of St. Peter Claver, the Catholic Teachers' Union, the St. James's .Association for the Instruction of the Catholic Youth of The Hague, the Societies of St. Boniface and St. Canisius, the Society of St. Vin- cent, and the Catholic People's Union.

Hi.sTORY. — In the eleventh century the Counts of Hollaixl built themselves a hunting-lodge in the great forest which then covered the site of The Hague. William II, Count of Holland and King of Germany, replaced this earlier building with the castle which formed the nucleus of the Binnenhof mentioned above. This castle was enlarged by his son Floris V, who made it his residence after 1291. .\lthough many of the Counts of Holland maintained a brilliant Court, affording hospitality to poets and painters (Jan van Eyck among the latter), the place nevertheless remained unimportant. During the war between Guelders and Germany, The Hague was captured and pillaged by bands of Guehlers, freebooters under Martin of Ro.ssum. The ideas of the German Re- formers soon found entrance into the city, but were suppressed with sanguinary rigour. It was here that the first Dutch martjT for the new creed, the pastor Jan de Bakker of Worden, suffered death by fire in the Binnenhof in 1526. Again, in 1570, under the Duke of Alva's reign of terror, four preach- ers were burnt for heresy at The Hague. The Refor- mation, however, gained the upper hand during the