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 HADRIAN

105

HAGEN

he adopted the admiraljle Aiirclius Antoninus, who was fifty-two years old, appointed liim co-ruler with himself, and prevailed upon him to adopt L. Varus, the son of his own first adopted son. Hadrian died of dropsy on 16 July, 138.

Gregorovius, Der Kaiser Hadrian, Gemalde der rdm.-hellen. Welt (3 vols. Stuttgart, 18S4); Durb, Die Reisen Kaiser Ha- drians (Vienna, 1881): Hilzig, Die Stellung Kaiser Hadrians in der mm. Rerhtsgeschichle (Zurich, 1892); Schiller, Ro- mische Kaiserzeit, (2 vols. Gotha, 1883).

Karl Hoeber.

Hadrian, martyr, d. about the year 306. The Christians of Constantinople venerated the grave of this victim of Diocletian's persecution. We are told by legentlary and unverified records, which have been preserved in Greek and Latin, that Hadrian was an officer in the body-guard of Emperor Galerius. In this capacity he was present one day, with the emperor, at the trial and torture of twenty-two Christians in Nicomedia. He was so impressed that he forthwith declared himself a Christian, and with the others was thrown into prison. His wife, Na- talia, who had secretly become one herself, cheered and ministered to her husband and his fellow- prisoners. The account given in the Acts of the martyrs is embellished with a numlier of legendary and, in part, very poetical details. Hadrian and his cpmpanions in martyrdom were finally put to death. Their members were first broken, after which they were delivered up to the flames. Natalia is supposed to have brought to Constantinople the mortal remains of her martyred husband. Another legend speaks of a martyr, Hadrian of Nicomedia, who figures in the Roman Martyrology antl in the Greek Menaion under 26 August. Though different in detail, the story deals with the same person. The remains of St. Hadrian were later laid in the church erected under his name and patronage on the Roman forum, which church (S. Adriano al Foro) is stand- ing at the present day. The feast of the trans- lation, which, in the Roman Church is the principal feast of this martyr and of his companions, is cele- brated on 8 September. The Roman Martyrology, however, mentions them also on 4 March, while the Greek calendar places their feast on 26 August. On this last date the Roman Martyrology likewise makes mention of a Hadrian.

Mombritius. Sanctuarium, I, 7-12; SuRlus, VitCB Sanelortim, V (Cologno. 1567—), 147-55; Acta SS.. September, III, 209- 17; 231-.55: Bibliolheca Casinensis (Cassino, 1873 — ), III. Florileffium. 259-67; Nilles. Kalendarium manunle utriusque ecclesiw. I, 260, 382, 398, 473; II, 596, 723; Allahd, Histoire des persecutions, V, 39-42.

J. P. KiRSCH.

Hadrianople. See Adrianople.

Hadnimetum (Adrumetum, also Adrumetus), a titular see of Byzacena. Hadrumetum was a Phceni- cian colony earlier than Carthage, and was already an important town when the latter rose to greatness. Hannibal made use of it as a military base in his cam- paign against Scipio at the close of the Second Punic War. Under the Roman Empire it became very prosperous; Trajan gave it the rank of a cofonia. At the end of the third century it became the capital of the newly-made province of Byzacena. After suiTer- ing greatly from the Vandal invasion, it was restored by Justinian, who called it Justinianopolis. It was again afflicted by the Arabs (to whom it is known as Susa) and restored by the Aglabites in the eleventh century. In the twelfth century the Normans of Sicily held it for a time; the French captured it in 1881.

Susa has to-day 25,000 inhabitants, of whom 1 100 are French, and 5000 are other Europeans, mainly Italians and Maltese. It is a government centre in the Province of Tunis. It has a few antiquities and some curious Christian catacombs. The native por- tion of the town has hardly altered. It has a museum.

a garrison, an important harljour, and there are many oil wells in the neighbourhood.

Between 255 and 551 we know of nine bi.shops of Hadrumetum, the last of whom was Primasius, whose works are to be found in P. L., LXVIII, 467.

Haussleiter. Leben und Wcrke des Bisckofs Primasius von Hadrumetum (Erlangen, 1887); Gams, Series Episcoporum Ec- clesios Calholicce (Ratisbon, 1873).

S. Petri DES.

Haeckel, Ernst Heinrich. See Evolution.

Haeften, Benedict v.\.n (Haeftenus), Benedic- tine writer, provost of the Monastery of Afflighem, Belgium; b. at Utrecht, 15SS; d. 31 July, 1648, at Spa, Belgium, wliither he had gone to recover his health. After studying philosophy and theology at Louvain, he entered the Benedictine Abbey of Afflighem in 1609, took solemn vows on 14 May, 1611, and was ordained priest in 1613. Hereupon he returned to Louvain to continue his theological studies, but was recalled to his monastery when he was about to re- ceive the licentiate in theology. In 1616 he became prior, and in 1618 Matthias Hovius, Archbishop of Mechlin, who was at the same time Abbot of Afflighem, appointed him provost of his monastery. Afflighem at that time Ijelonged to the Bursfeld Union, and under the prudent direction of the pious van Haeften was in a flourishing spiritual and temporal condition. Jacob Boonen, who had succeeded Hovius as archbishop and abbot in 1620, desired to join the monastery to the new Congregation of St. Vannes, in Lorraine, which had a stricter constitution than Bursfeld. After some prudent hesitation, van Haeften agreed to the change, and on 18 October, 1627, began his novitiate under the direction of a monk of the Congregation of Lorraine. Together with eight of his monks, he made confession according to the new reform on 25 October, 1628, and founded the Belgian Congregation of the Presentation of the Blessed Virgin. The new reform enjoined per- petual abstinence, daily rising at two o'clock in the morning, and manual labour joined with study. Un- happily the new congregation was of short duration. The intrusion upon the rights of the monks by the .Archbishop of Mechlin brought about its dissolution in 1654.

Van Haeften is the author of a learned and pains- taking work of monastic researches on the life and rule of St. Benedict, entitled: "S. Benedictus illus- tratus, sive Disquisitionum monasticarum libri XII, quibus S. P. Benedicti Regula et religiosorum rituum antiquitates varie dilucidantur" (Antwerp, 1644). The other six works of van Haeften that found their way into print are of an ascetical character.

Berlikre in Revue Benedictine (Maredsous, ISSn), VI, 305- 309; Heigl in Kirchenlex., s. v.; Ziegelbauer, Historia Lit. O.S.B.. Ill (Augsburg, 1754), 377-9.

Michael Ott. Hagar. See Abraham.

Hagen, Gottfried, town clerk of Cologne, and author of the Cologne " Reimchronik " (rhymed chron- icle): d. 1299. He filled many influential positions, and took an active part in the public life of his native city. Subsequently to the year 126S, he is mentioned repeatedly in documents as " Magister Godefridus cler- icus Coloniensis", " Notarius civitatis Coloniensis", pastor (plebanus) of St. Martin the Lesser at Cologne, anfl dean of the chapter of St. George. He gives his name with the title town-clerk {der stede schriver) at the end of his "Book of the City of Cologne" (Dit is flat boich van der stede Colne). This "Reimchronik " is a very remarkable work of some 3000 couplets; as a chromcle it is almost complete, if based at times on unrelial:)le traditions. At earliest, it was written in 1270 with a supplement in 1271; it cannot have ap- peared later than the period between 1277 and 12S7. After a legendary introduction, permeated with the idea of municipal liberty, it recounts the conflicts be- tween the city of Cologne and the Archbishops Conrad