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inaiy at Klagenfurt, which has been, since 1887, under the direction of the Jesuits. The professors are Benedictines from the Abbey of St. Paul and Jesuits. The education of aspirants to the priesthood is pro- vided for at Klagenfurt, in a preparatory seminary established by Bishop ^Yiery in 1860 and enlarged by Bishop Kahn. At St. Paul's the Benedictines con- duct a private gj-mnasium with the privileges of a government school. At Ivlagenfurt there is also a Catholic teachers' seminary under ecclesiastical super- vision. Chief among the examples of ecclesiastical architecture, both in point of age and artistic interest, is the cathedral at Gurk, which dates back to the be- giimings of the diocese, having been completed about 1220. Also worthy of note are the Gothic cloister of the church at Millstadt and, as monuments of Gothic architecture, the parish churches at St. Leonard in the Lavant-Thal, Heiligenblut, Villach, Volkermarkt, Grades (St. Wolfgang), and Waitschach. One of the largest and most beautiful churches of Carinthia is the recently renovated (1884-90) Dominican church at Friesach. The present cathedral at Klagenfurt was built in 1591 by the Protestants; in 1004 it was acquired by the Jesuits, and consecrated in honour of the Apostles Sts. Peter and Paul. Prominent among the places of pilgrimage in the diocese is Maria Saal, visited aimually by from 15,000 to 20,000 pilgrims. Among Catholic associations special mention .sliould be made of those for the advancement of the Catholic Press and for the diffusion of good books: for the German population, the St. Joseph's Verein founded at Klagenfurt in 189.3, and the St. Joseph's Book Con- fraternity; for the Slovenes, the St. Hermagoras Verein, established m 1852 (1860), with its head- quarters at Ivlagenfurt, and widely established among Slovenes in other dioceses.

Won J \Kscu. Alonumenta historica duratus Carinlhiw, I-III (Klagenfurt, 1S96-1904), I and II: Die Gurker Geschu-htsijud- len; Mon. Germ. Hist., Script., XXIII, 8-10: Chronicon Gur- cense; ibid., Necrologia, II. 448-54: Necrologium Gurcense; Greinz in Die Katholi.sche Kirchc unserer Zeii und ihre Diener im Wort und Bild, II (Munich, 1900), 447-.53: II (2nd ed.. Munich, 1907), 293-9S; Neher in A'?Vc/ien/ex., s. v.; Greinz in Kirchliches Handlex.,3. v.; Schroll, Series episc. Gurcensium in Arrhiv fur valerlnndische Gesek. und Topographic, ed. Histori- cal Society for Carinthia (Klagenfurtj 1885). XV, 1^3; Hirn, Kirchen- und reichsgeschichtliche Irrhnltnisae des Salzburg- ischen Suffraganbislhums Gurk (Innsbruck. 1872); Cigoj. Das aociale Wirken der kntholischcn Kirehe in drr Dtucese Gurk (H er-ogthum Kamten) (Vienna, 1S96) in Z)n.s sociale Wirken der katholischen Kirehe in Oesterreieh, I; Mtl.LER, Da.'i Dii'Cesan- Kcminar und die theologi.'iche Lehranstalt in Klagenfurt in Zschokke, Die theologuchen Studicn und Anstalten der katholi- .^chen Kirehe in Oesterreieh (Vienna, 1894). 725-43. Many spe- cial contribution.s to diocesan history are contained in the periodicals Arrhiv fur vaterlandische Geschichte und Topo- graphic and Carinthia.

Friedrich L.vuchert.

Gury, Jean-Pierre, moral theologian; b. at Mail- leroncourt, Haute-Saone, 23 January, 1801 ; d. at Mercceur, Haute-Loire, 18 April, 1866; entered the Society of Jesus at Montrouge, 22 August, 1824; he taught moral theology for thirty-five years at the sem- inary of Vals, France, 1834-47 and 1848-66, and for one year at Rome, 1847-48. It was in 18.50, after his return from Rome necessitated by the events of 1848, that the first edition of his "Compendium theologise moralis" appeared, which at the time of the author's death had reached the seventeenth edition, to mention neither the German translation of Wesselack (Ratis- bon, 1858), nor the imitations and adaptations pub- lished in Belgium, Italy, Spain, Austria, and Germany. In the last-named country the annotated edition of Professor Seitz itself already reached the fifth edition in 1874 (Ratisbon). Deserving of note is the specially annotated edition of A. Ballerini and D. Palmieri (Prato, 15th ed., 1907); the edition of Dumas (5th ed., Lyons, 1890); the abridged edition of Sabetti- Barret (New York and Cincinnati, 1902, 16th ed.); the edition adapted to Spain and Latin America by Ferreres (Barcelona, 4th ed., 1909) ; finally the " Com-

penditma ad mentis P. Gury" by Bulot (Toumay and Paris, 1908). In 1862, Gury published his "Casus conscientis in pra>cipuas qusstiones theologise mor- alis". Of this work the following editions have ap- peared: Dumas, 8th ed., Lyons, 1891; Ferreres, for the second time in 1908 (Barcelona); and a German edition at Ratisbon (7th ed., 1886).

The brevity of the compendium led inevitably to a lack of scientific solidity. For the uses of his classes at Vals, Gury lithographed a more scientific manual which was unhappily never published. His mind was essentially practical, orderly and clear. His method was to proceed by question and answer, taking in the exposition of principles and their conclusions, and finally adding the discussion of more special points. He also knew how to blend happily in his lessons solid- ity and variety, a quality that gained for him the appointment to the chair of moral theology at the Roman College from Father General Roothaan. Op- portunity for actual contact with souls was afforded him by numerous confessions, which he heard during retreats and missions conducted by him in vacations. An ardent follower of Busenbaum and of St. Alphon- sus Liguori, he contributed largely towards the ex- tirpation of Jan.senism, and is accounted besides one of the restorers of the old casuistic method, a fact that made him worthy of personifying the " Jesuit Moral " in the eyes of some, who, especially in Germany, at- tacked liis doctrine.

De Backer-Sommervogel, Bibl. des I'crivains de la Comp. de Je.^us: DuHR, Jesuiten-Fabeln, 3rd ed., 446 sqq.; Hurter, No- menelator; Noldin in Kirehenlex.; Etudes religieu.'^es (Paris, 1867); Kirchliches Handlexikon; Literari.'tchcr Handweiser (1867), c. 244; (1875), c. 74-8, 107-11, 207-13; Desjardins, Vie du R. P. J. P. Gury (Paris, 1867).

J. Salsmans.

Gusmao, Baetholomeu LonRENfO de, naturalist, and the first aeronaut: b. in 1685 at Santos in the province of Sao Paulo, Brazil; d. IS November, 1724, in Toledo, Spain. He began liis novitiate in the Society of Jesus at Bahia when he was about fifteen years old, but left the same in 1701. He went to Portugal and found a patron at Lisbon in the person of the Marquess d'Abrantes. He completed his course of study at Coimbra, devoting his attention principally to philology and mathematics, but received the title of Doctor of (i'anon Law. He is said to have had a remark- able memory and a great command of languages. In 1709 he presented a petition to King John V of Portu- gal, begging a privilege for his invention of an airship, in which he expressed the greatest confidence. The contents of this petition have been preserved, as well as a picture and description of his airship. Following after Francesco Lana, S.J., Gusmao wanted to spread a huge sail over a bark like the cover of a transport wagon; the bark itself was to contain tubes through which, when there was no wind, air would be blown into the sail by means of bellows. The vessel was to be propelled by the agency of magnets which, apparently, were to be encased in two hollow metal balls. The public test of the machine, which was set for 24 June, 1709, did not take place. According to contemporary reports, however, Gusmao appears to have made sev- eral less ambitious experiments with this machine, descending from eminences. His contrivance in the main represented the principle of the kite (aeroplane). In all probability he did not have magnets in the aforementioned metal shells, but gases and hot air generated by the combustion of various materials. It is certain'that Gusmao was working on this prin- ciple at the public exhibition he gave before the Court on S August, 1709, in the hall of the Casa da India in Lisbon, when he propelled a ball to the roof by com- bustion. The king rewarded the inventor by appoint- ing him to a professorship at Coimbra and made him a canon. He was also one of the fifty chosen members of the Academia Real da Historia, founded in 1720; and in 1722 he was made chaplain to the Cotirt. He