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form of a dialogue between himself and Roger and contains an exposition as well as a refutation of the doctrines of Berengarius concerning the Holy Eu- charist. Guitmund ably defends Transubstantiation against Berengarius, but his notion of the manner of the Real Presence is obscure. Moreover, he does not well distinguish between substance and accident, and hence concludes that the corruptibility of the species is merely a deception of our senses. The work has often appeared in print. The first printed edition was brought out by Erasmus (Freiburg, 15.30). Shortly after Guitmund had published his treatise against Berengarius, he obtained permission from his abbot, Odilo, to make a pilgrimage to Rome. Because the name Guitmund had become too well known to suit the humble monk, he exchanged it for tliat of Chris- tianus and lived for some time in the obscurity of a Roman monastery. When Urban II, who had pre- viously been a monk at Climy, became pope, he appointed Guitmund Bishop of Aversa, near Naples, in 1088. A few historians holtl that he afterwards be- came a cardinal, but there seems not to be sufficient evidence for this assumption. Besides the work men- tioned above, Guitmund is the author of a short treatise on the Trinity and of an epistle to a certair. Erfastus, which deals with the same subject. His works are published in "Bibl. Patr. Lugd.", XVIII, 440sqq.; inGallandi, "Bibl. veterum Patr.", XIV, 240 sqq., and Migne, "P. L.", CXLIX, 1427-151.3.

Histoire lifUraire de la France, VIII, .5.^3-.573; A\'erner, Gerbert von Aiirillac (Vienna. 1S81), 178-1S2; SniEEBEN in KiTchenlex, s. v.; IItirter, Nomenclalor (Innsbruck, 190.i), I, 1053-4; ScHNiTZER, Berengar von Tours (ytuttgart, 1892), 3.5{) sqq.; 406 sqq.

Michael Ott.

Gulf of St. Lawrence, Vicariate Apcstolic of, erecteii 12 September, 1905, and formed from the pre- fecture Apostolic of the same name organized 29 May, 1882. It comprises the north-eastern part of the Province of Quebec, east of the Diocese of Chicoutimi, and is a suffragan of Quebec. All the missions of this vicariate have been entrusted to the care of the Eiidist Fathers, except the Montagnais Indian stations and other missions for the Naskapi and Eskimo, which are attended by the Oblates of Mary Immaculate. The first vicar Apostolic was the Reverend Gustave Blanch, C. J. M., who was born .30 April, 1849, at Josselin, Diocese of Vannes, France, and ordained priest 16 March, 1878. He was appointed Titular Bishop of Sicca and Vicar Apostolic of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 12 September, 1905, and consecrated in the cathedral of Chicoutimi, 28 October, 1905. He fixed his resi- dence at Seven Islands, Saguenay County, Quebec. There is a Catholic population of 9,650 (including 2,000 Indians) in the vicariate, attended by 20 priests, who care for 12 missions with residences, 28 other stations, 19 chapels, and 19 oratories. The Sisters of the Congregation of the Daughters of Jesus teach in 28 schools having 950 pupils (380 boys ; 570 girls).

Le Canada Ecclesiastique (Montreal, 1909); Catholic Direc- tory (Milwaukee, 1909).

Thomas F. Meehan.

Gunpowder Plot, The (oath taken May, 1604, plot discovered November, 1605). Robert Catesby, the originator of the Powder Plot, owned estates at Lapworth and Ashby St. Legers. His ancient and hon- ourable family had stood, with occasional lapses, per- haps, but on the whole with fidelity and courage, for the ancient faith. Robert, however, had begun differ- ently. He had been at Oxford in 1586, after Protes- tantism had won the upper hand, had married into a Protestant family, and his son was baptized in the Prot- estant church. Father Gerard savs that he "was very wild, and as he kept company with the best noble- men in the land, so he spent much above his rate". But at, or soon after, his father's death in 1598 " he was VII.— 6

reclaimed from his wild courses, and became a Catho- lic", and was conspicuously earnest in all practices of religion. We, unfortunately, also find in him an habit- ual inclination towards political and violent measures. This was conspicuously shown during the brief revolt of the Earl of Essex, in February, 1601. Upon receiv- ingapromise of toleration for his co-religionists, Cates- by immediately joined him, and also induced some other Catholics to join — among others, Thomas Percy, Thomas Winter, John Wright, and Lord Mont- eagle, all of whom we shall afterwards find in, or at the edge of, the Powder Plot. Catesby, who is said to have behaved with great courage and determination, escaped the fate of Essex with a ruinous fine, from which his estates never recovered.

But the mental warp caused by those few days at Southampton House was more deleterious still. He was probably henceforth connected with all the schemes for political or forcilile remedies which were mooted at this tune. Early in 1602 his ally, Thomas Winter, is found negotiating in Spain for assistance, in case Elizabeth's death should leave the Catholics a chance of asserting them.selves, for it was one of Elizabeth's manias to leave the succession an open question. Again, he knew of, perhaps had something to do with, the obtaining of a Brief from Clement VIII, which exliort.ed Catholics to work for a Catliulic suc- cessor to the throne (The Month, June, 1903). Still it is not to be imagined that Catesby's faction, for all their ultra-Catholic professions, thought themselves debarred from treating with Protestants when that was to their advantage. While Winter negotiated at Madrid, Percy was busy at Edinliurgh, and received from James promises of favour for the English Catho- lics. So notorious was it that the Catesby cliciue were "hunger-starved for innovations", that when Eliza- beth was sickening, he, with Tresham, Bainham, and the two Wrights, was put imder restraint by order of the council, but apparently for a few days only (Cam- den to Cotton, 15 March, 1603; and Pri\'y Council Registers, XXXII, 490). Then the queen died and James succeeded (24 March, 10.3). After that every- thing seemed full of promise, and, s6 far as we can see, the universal hope of better things to come brought a period of peace to Catesby's restless mind.

But as time went on, James found it difficult, nay impossible, with Elizabeth's mini.sters still in office, to carry out those promises of toleration, which he had made to the Catholics when he was in Scotland, and believed that their aid would be extremely important. When he felt secure on his throne and saw the weakness of the Catholics, his tone changed. It was reported that, when he had crossed the English border on his way to London, and found himself welcomed by all classes, he had turned to one of his old councillors, and said "Na, na, gud fayth, wee's not need the Papists now" (Tierney-Dodd.'Vol. IV). His accession was in- deed marked by a very ■welcome relaxation of the pre- vious persecution. The fines exacted for recusancy sank in King James's first year to about one-sixth of what they used to be. But the policy of toleration was intensely abhorrent to the Puritan spirit in England, and James could not continue it with the governmen- tal machinery at his command, and he began to give way. In the fifth half-year of his reign the fines were actually higher than they had ever been before, and the number of martyrs was not far short of the Eliza- bethan average. At the first indication of this change of policy (March, 1604), Catesby made up his mind that there was no remedy except in extremes, resolved on the Powder Plot, and insisted in his masterful way on his former allies joining him in the A'cnture. Thom- as Winter says that when Catesby .sent for him in the beginning of Lent, and explained his project, "he wondered at the strangeness of the conceit", expressed some doubt as to its success, and no doubt as to the scandal and ruin that would result from its failure.