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Sixteen to be strangled (-1 Dec), and ranged himself decisively on the side of the moderate party. Negotia- tion with the victor was henceforth a matter of time. President Jeannin transmitted Mayenne's conditions to Henry of Navarre (8 May, 1592). These were that the latter should abjure Protestantism, that all the places in possession of the Catholics should remain for six years under the protection of the League, that May- enne should become hereditary Duke of Burgundy and Lyonnais, and grand constable or lieutenant-general of the realm, and that all the members of the League should retain their posts. Henry IV rejected these conditions, and many members of the League were also dissatisfied with them, llayenne then convoked the States-General (26 Jan., 1593) and announced that they were confronted by the task of electing a king. He adjourned the body until 2 April. Mayenne desired neither a Protestant king nor a Spanish queen, hence his delays. But he was in the midst of the Parisians, who were for the most part inclined to have as Queen of France the Spanish Infanta, daughter of Philip II, on condition that she should wed the young Duke of Guise. Mayenne could not openly oppose the project, but he shrewdl}- caused the Parlement to issue a decree forbidding the transfer of the crown to foreign princesses or princes (28 June, 159.3), the result of which was the abandonment of the Spanish match.

Henry IV made his abjuration 25 July, 159.3, and on 31 July signed a truce with Mayenne. While the satire "Menippee", professing to speak for France, held up to public ridicule the favour exhibited towards Spain by certain members of the League, another pamphlet, the " Dialogue du Maheustre et du Manant", issued by Leaguers of the extreme left, cast aspersions on the ability of Mayenne and all but accused him of treason. On 3 January, 1594, the Parlement rallied to Henry IV and expressed the desire that Mayenne should treat definitely with him. Paris, moreover, had ceased to be in sympathy with the League, and was preparing to welcome Henry IV (22 March, 1594). Mayenne kept up the struggle for two years longer, assisted by the Spaniards, who, never- theless, distrusted him since he had prevented their Infanta from becoming Queen of France. Finally, Mayenne retired, discouraged, to his government of Burgundy, and by a definite treaty with Henry IV (January, 1596) declared the League dissolved, retained three places of safety, Soissons, Chalon-sur-Saone, and Seurre, obtained that the princes of the League should be declared innocent of the assassination of Henry III, and that the debts which he had contracted for his party should be paid by Henry IV to the sum of 350,- 000 crowns. He resigned his government of Bur- gundy; but his son, Henri de Lorraine, became governor of the He de France (exclusive of Paris) and grand chamberlain. Until his death Maj'enne remained a faithful subject of Henry IV and the regent, Marie de' Medici. By his wife, Henriette de Savoie, he had two sons and two daughters.

IX. Ch.^rles de Lorraine, fourth Duke of Guise, b. 20 Aug., 1571; d. at Cuna (Siena). 30 September, 1640; the eldest son of Henri de Guise. He was arrested at Blois on the day of his father's assassina- tion, and was held prisoner at Tours until 1591. His liberation weakened more than it strengthened the League, for while the Parlement of Paris and the forty members of the League who formed the Council of L'nion at Paris wished to place Mayenne, the bro- ther of Henri de Guise, on the throne, the faction of the Sixteen and the populace, on the contrary, claimed as king this young Duke of Guise, thus giving rise to dis- sensions in the League. The chances of the young duke were increased by the possibility of his marriage to the daughter of the" King of Spain, Mayenne being already married. But at the States-General of 1593, convoked by Mayenne after the death of the Cardinal de Bourbon, Mayenne diverted the discussion, post-

poned a decision, and had himself simply confirmed in his lieutenant-generalship of the realm. The Duke of Guise soon ceased to belong to the League. In 1594 he declared himself a subject of Henry IV, and slew with his own hand an old member of the League, the Marechal de Saint-Pol, who reproached him with betraying the memory of his father. Henry IV completed the conquest of the j'oung Duke by the con- fidence which he placed in him. Despite the long- standing pretensions of the Guises to Provence, the king sent him thither to capture Marseilles from the Due d'Epernon, who occupied the city in the name of the League. Thus, after 1595, the fourth Duke of Guise, who two years before was on the point of being made king by the League, was in arms against it. Thus ended the political and religious policy of the Guises. Charles de Lorraine married (1611) Henriette-Cathe- rine de Joyeuse, by whom he had ten children. He served under Louis XIII against the Protestants, and, having taken the side of the queen-mother, Marie de' Medici, against Richelieu, retired to Italy in 1631, where he died in obscurity.

X. Henri de Lorraine, fifth Duke of Guise, son of Charles de Lorraine, b. 1614; d. 1664. He disting- uished himself in 1647 and 1654 during the revolt of the Neapolitan Masaniello against Spain by the two ineffectual attempts which he made, with the con.sent of France, to wrest from the Spaniards for his own benefit the throne of Naples, to which he revived his family's former pretensions. He died without issue.

Contemporary documents: Mrmoirc^-jouniaux du due Fran- cois de Guise in Collection Miefuiud el Poujoutat; Correspondance de Francois de Lorraine avec Christophc, due de Wiirtemberg, in Bulletin de la .SociVfc de I'histoire du prolestantisme francais, XXIV (187.1); Memoires de la Li(rue (Amsterdam, 17S8); AuBlGNE, Histoire universelle, ed. Ruble, I-IX (Paris, 1886-97) : DE Thou, Ilistoire universelle {London, 1733); Memoires jour- nauz de VEstoile; Mathieu, Histoire des demiers troubles de- France depuis les premiers mouvements de la Ligue jusqu'a Ic elSture des Etats a Blois (Lyons, 1.597); Journal dit siege dt Paris, ed. Franklin (Paris. 1876); Palma Cayet, Chronologic novenaire (1589-98); Journal d'un cure liqueur, ed. BARTHt- LEMY (Paris, 1886).

Historical works: de Bouille, Histoire des dues de Guise (4 vok.. Paris, 1849) ; ue Croze, Les Guise, les Valov< et Philippe // (2 vols., Paris, 18(i6); Forneron, Les dues de Guise et leur epoque (2 vols.. Paris. 18781; de Lacombe, Catherine de Midicis entre Guise et Condi (Paris. 1899); Romier, Le marlehnl de Saint-Andre (Paris, 1909) : Chalambert. Histoire de la Ligue (2 vols., Paris, 1854); de l Efihois, La Ligue el les Papes (Paris, 1886) ; RoBlQUET, Paris et la Ligue (Paris, 1886); Labitte, De la democratic chez les predieateurs de la Li^ue (Paris. 1841); Zeller, Le mouvemenl Guisard en 1588 in Rerue hislorique. XLI (1889). For special treatment of Cardinal de Lorraine's con- nexion with the (Council of Trent consult Dupuv, Instructions et Idtres des rois Ires Chretiens et des leurs ambassadeurs cancer^ nnnt le candle de Trente (Paris. 1654) ; Hanotaux, Instructions donnees aux ambassadeurs el ministres de France a Rome (Paris, 1888), preface, Ixvi-lxxiii.

Georges Goyau.

Guitmund, Bishop of Aversa, a Benedictine monk,

theologian, and opponent of Berengarius; b. at an un- known place in Normandy during the first quarter of the eleventh century ; d. between 1090-95, at Aversa, near Naples. In his youth he entered the Benedictine monastery of La-Croix-St-Leufroy in the Diocese of Evreux, and about 1060 he was studying theology at the monastery of Bee, where he had Lanfranc as teacher and St. Anselm of Canterbury as fellow- student. In 1070 King William the Conqueror called him to England and, as an inducement to remain there, offered him a diocese. The humble monk, how- ever, not only refused the offer, but fearlessly de- nounced the conquest of England by the Normans as an act of robbery ("Oratio ad Guillelmum I" in P. L., CXLIX, 1509). He then returned to Normandy and became a stanch defender of the Catholic doctrine of Transubstantiation against the heretical Beren- garius of Tours. Some time between 1073-77 he wrote, at the instance of one of his fellow-monks by the name of Roger, his famous treatise on the Holy Eucharist, entitled "De corporis et sanguinis Jesu Christi veritate in Eucharistia". It is written in the