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 GUISE

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GUISE

Under Charles IX the Cardinal of Guise constantly alternated between disgrace and favour. In 1562 he attended the Council of Trent, possessing the full con- fidence of his royal master. Louis de Saint-Gelais, Sieur de Lansac, Arnaud du Ferrier, President of the Parlement of Paris, and Guy de Faur de Pibrac, royal counsellor, who represented Charles IX at the Council from 26 May, 1.562, towards the end of the year were joined by the Cardinal of Lorraine. He was instruc- ted to arrive at an understanding with the Germans, who proposed to reform the Church in head and mem- bers and to authorize at once Communion under Both Kinds, prayers in the vernacular, and the marriage of the clergy. In the reform articles which he presented (2 Jan., 1563), he was silent on the last point, but petitioned for the other two. Pius IV was indignant, and the cardinal denounced Rome as the source of all abuses. In the cjuestions of precedence which arose between him and the Spanish ambassador, Count do Luna, Pius IV decided for the latter. However, in Septem- ber, 156.3, while on a visit to Rome, the cardinal, intent per- haps on securing the pope's assistance for the realization of the political ambitions of the Guises, professed opinions less decidedly Galilean. More- over, when he learned that the French ambassadors, who had left the council, were dissatis- fied because the legates had obtained from the council ap- proval of a project for the "re- formation of princes", which the latter deemed contr.ary to the liberties of the CJallican Church, he endeavoured, though without success, to bring about the return of the ambassadors, prevailed on the legates to withdraw the ob- jectionable articles, and strove to secure the immediate pub- lication in France of the de- crees of the council ; this, how- ever, was refused by Catharine de' Medici.

When, in 1566, Fran(,'ois de Montmorency, governor of Paris and his personal enemy, attempted to prevent the car- dinal from entering the capital with an armed escort, the ensuing conflict and the pre- cipitate flight of the cardinal gave rise to an outcry of de- rision which obliged him to retire to his diocese for two years. In 1570 he aroused theangerof Charles IX by in- ducing Duke Henri, the eldest of his nephews, to solicit the hand of Margaret of Valois. the king's sister, and in 1571 he vexed the king still more when, through spite, he prevented the marriage of this princess with the King of Portugal. His share in the negotiations for the marriage between Charles IX and Elizabeth of Austria, and for that of Margaret of Valois with the Prince of Navarre, seems to have won him some favour, which, however, was but brief, for Catharine de' Medici knew only too well what a constant menace the personal policy of the Guises constituted for that of the king. Shortly after the death of Charles IX the cardinal appeared before his successor, Henry III, but died soon after.

V. Louis I DE LonR.4.iNE, Cardinal of Guise, b. 21 Oct., 1527; d. at Paris, 24 March, 1578. the brother of Francois de Guise and of the second Cardinal of Lor- raine. He became Bishop of Troyes in 1545, of AIbi in 1550, cardinal in 15.53, under the name of Cardinal of Guise, Archbishop of Sens in 1561, but resigned

Charles de Lorraine, Cardinal of Guise (Clouet School aliovit 1.5.5.'))

the archiepiscopal see in 1562 in favour of Cardinal de Pellev^. He crowned Henry III, 13 Feb., 1575. Contemporary witnesses do not seem to agree with regard to him. L'Estoile calls him a merry gourmet, le cardinal des bouteilles, while Brantome praises his knowledge and political good sense, especially in his old age.

VI. M.\RY OF Guise, Queen of Scotland; b. 22 Nov., 1515; d. at Edinburgh, 10 June, 1560; sister of Francois de Guise and of the second Cardinal of Lorraine, and eldest of the twelve children of Claude de Lorraine, Duke of Guise, and Antoinette de Bour- bon. Left a widow in 1535, after a year of married life with Louis II d'Orleans, Duke of Longue\'ille, she refused to marry Henry VIII, King of England, but at the express command of Francis I consented to go to Scotland to wed (9 May, 15.38) James V, King of Scotland, who.se first wife, Margaret of France, had died a)-ear before. By James V she had (7 or 8 Dec, 1542) one daughter, Marj' Stuart, and a week later (14 Dec.) she became a widow and regent. Henry VIII sought to take advantage of this re- gency to establish in Scotland an anti-Catholic influence, and to this end wrung from Mary of Guise the treaty of 12 March, 1543, which promised Mary Stuart in marriage to Edward, his son. Mary of Guise, how- ever, particularly after the death of her adviser. Cardinal Beaton (1546). looked to France for the support of a Catholic policy, and it was d( rided bv the Estates of Scot- liuul (5 Feb., 1.548) that Mary Stuart should be sent to that country, Scotland's oldest and most faithful ally, to be mar- ried to the young Dauphin Francis, son of Henry II. \\'hile the Reformation con- tinued to proo;ress in Scotland, Mary of Guise, through the advice and assistance of her brothers, Francois de Guise and the second Cardinal of Lorraine, succeeded in main- taining her authority. From Paris her brothers kept her in- formed of the great success achieved by her daughter. Mary Stuart. "She rules the king and queen", wrote the Cardinal de Lor- raine. On the marriage of Mary Stuart with the Dauphin Francis, Henry II desired them to assume the titles of King and Queen of England and Ireland, alleging that Elizabeth, daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, was ineligible, being the child of an ille^ gitimate marriage, also a heretic. The Guises hoped for a brief period that as a result of their policy Catho- lic rule would be re-established throughout Great Brit- ain. Nicolas de Believe, Bishop of .\miens, and several doctors of the Sorbonne went to Scotland in 15.59 to prevail upon M.ary of Guise to put on trial all non- Catholic ecclesiastics. Though of a moderate temper and though she wrote to the Guises that the only means of preserving the old religion in Scotland was to allow the people complete liberty of conscience, the queen dared not oppose the orders from France. A revolt followed; the Protestants pillaged churches and monasteries and entered Edinburgh. John Knox proclaimed the right of insurrection against tyranny; and the assembly of the peers and barons of the king- dom declared Mary of Guise deposed from the regency (21 Oct., 1559). She was then at Leith, guarded by a