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exercising so much influence over him as to cause him to designate as his successor his son Roger, to the detriment of Bohemond.

Gesta Roberti Wiscardi (Epic in 5 cantos by William op Apulia, composed at the request of Urban II and dedicated to Dulce Roger), ed.WlLMANa, Mon.Germ. Hist.: Scriptores, 1^,2-il sqq.; Amatus of Monte Casino, Ystoire de li Normani (ed. SociETE DE l'hist. DE FRANCE, Paris, 1835. Fr. tr. of four- teenth century from orig. ); Leo Ostiensis (Marsicanus), Chronica Monasterii Casinensis, ed. Wattenbach, in Mon. Germ. HUt.: Script., VII. 574 sq.; Lupus Protospatharius. ^4n«a/e5. 805-1102. ed. m Mon.Germ. Hist.: Scrivt.,V, 52 sq.; Geoffrey Mai^aterra, H istoriaSicula (to 1099), ed. Mcratori, Rerum italic. Scriptor., V, 574 sqq.; Anna Comnena, Alexiade, ed. Reifferscheid (Leipzig, 1884), I-VI; Cecaumeni ^trate- fficon, ed. Wasiliewsky (St. Petersburg, 1886). 35; Gregory VII. Registrutn epistolarum, ed. Jaffe, Bibliotheca rer. germanic., II; Chalandon, La Diplomatique des Norma7id.-it de Sicile el de Vltalie meridionale {Melanges d'Archeologie et d'Histoire de I'ecole fran^aise de Rome, 1900); Hein'EMANN, Normanisehe Herzogs' und Konigsurkunden (Tubingen, 1899); Enoel, Recherches sur la numismatiqne el la sigillographie des A'ormands d' Italic (Paris, 1882); Gay, L Italic meridionale et t'empire hyzantin (Paris, 1904); Chalandon, //w/oiVe de la domination normande en Italic (Paris, 1907), I, containing excellent bibli- ography; Idem, Essai sur le rcffne d' Alexis I Comnine (Pari.s, 1900); Heinem\nn, Geschi^hte der Normannem in Unteritalirn und Sieilien (Leipsic, 1894), I; Dentzer, Topographic dcr FeldzUge Robert Guiscards gegen das byzantinische Reich (Bres- lau. 1901).

Loms Brehier.

Guise, House of, a branch of the ducal family of Lorraine, played an important part in the religious troubles of France during the sixteenth century. By reason of descent from Charlemagne, it laid claim for a brief period to the throne of France. The Guises up- held firmly Catholic interests not only in France, but also in Scotland, where Marie de Lorraine and her daughter, Mary Stuart, were allied to them. Their religious zeal, however, was often tarnished by their own violence, and by that of their partisans; it also coloured certain plans for political reform that were dangerous to monarchical centralization. Finally, the relations which existed for thirty-five years be- tween Spain and the House of Guise roused the sus- picions of French patriotism. In their favour it must be said that the Huguenots also were guilty of many acts of violence, and appealed to England, a-s the Guises did to Spain, and that the Calvinistic nobility was even more dangerous to French unity than the Catholic. We shall here consider only those members of this famous family who are especially interesting from the viewpoint of religious history.

I. Claude de Lorraine, first Duke of Guise, b. at the Chateau de Cond6, 20 Oct., 1496; d. at Joinville, 12 .\pril, 15.50, the son of Ren^ II, Duke of Lorraine, and his second wife, Philippa of Guelders. Claude de Guise wished to possess the Duchy of Lorraine to the detriment of his elder brother, Antoine, whom he de- clared illegitimate, inasmuch as he was born during the lifetime of M.arguerite d'Harcourt, the (divorced) fir.st wife of Rene if, but he was obliged to be content with the Count-ships of Ciuise and Aumale, the Barony of .Joinville, and the Seigniories of Mayenne and El- beuf, which his father possessed in France. He soon made his appearance at the French court, where he at once gave evidence of his ability to please. He fol- lowed Francis I to Italy, and at the battle of Marig- nano (1515) received twenty-two wounds. He took a courageous part in the campaigns against Charles V, for which Francis I rewarded him liy making him master of the hounds and first chamberlain, and bj- the erection of the Countship of (iuise to a ducal peerage, an honour hitherto reserved for princes of the blood. Claude de Cjuise also merited the gratitude of the Catholic party for the struggle which he maintained in 1525 against the bands of .\nabaptists attempting to invade Lorraine, whom he exterminated at Lup- stein nearSaverne (Zabern), 16 May, 1525. His cam- paign in Luxemburg (1542), the services which he rendered in 1543 by his defence of Landrecies, and his success in quieting the Parisians, alarmed by the

approach of the imperial forces, justified the favour of the king, who finally confided to him the government of Burgundy; the duke's ambition, however, his large fortune, and powerful relatives gave offence to Francis I. It was .said that the latter counselled Henry II never to admit the Guises to a share in the government of the kingdom, and a popular quatrain current in Paris ran : —

Frangois premier pr6dit ce point Que ceux de la maison de Gui.se Mettraient ses enfants en pourpoint Et son pauvre peuple en chemise. In 151.3 Claude de Guise married Antoinette de Bour- bon (1493-15S:i), noted for the simplicity of her life, her renunciation of all rich materials in dress, and her great charity towards hospitals, the poor, and orphans. By her he had eight .sons and four daughters. If the memoirs of Francois de Guise, Claude's son, are to be credited, his father died of poison.

II. Jean de Lorraine, brother of the above, b. 1498; d. IS May, 15,50. He became a cardinal at twenty, the first Cardinal of Lorraine. His activity was exercised chiefly in France, where he assisted Claude de Guise to strengthen the ascendancy of his family. Having been sent in 1536 as the ambassador of Francis I to Charles V to reconcile their differences, he warned the king on his return of the unmistakably warlike intentions of the emperor. Even before Claude de Guise had otfended the king, the cardinal was re- garded with suspicion. He fell into disgrace with Francis I in 1542, but still retained great influence owing to the bounties which he was able to make with his immense revenues, for he had acquired the Bishop- rics of Metz, Toul, Verdun, Thi'rouanne, Lui,-on, and Valence, the Archbishoprics of Lyons. Reims, and Narbonne, and a number of abbeys. " 'I'hou art either Christ or the Cardinal of Lorraine", exclaimed a Ro- man beggar on whom he had bestowed a large alms.

III. Francois de Lorraine, second I)uke of Gui.se, b. at the chateau de Bar, 17 Feb., 1519, of Claude de Guise and .Antoinette de Bourbon; d. 24 Feb., 1563. He was the warrior of the family, el gran capilan de Guysa, as the Spanish called him. A wound which he received at the siege of Boulogne (1545) won for him the surname of Balajrc (the Scarred). His defense of Metz against Charles V (1552) crowned his reputation. After a siege of two months the emperor was obliged to retire with a loss of 30,000 men. Fran- cois de Lorraine fought valiantly at the battleof Renty (1554). The Truce of Vaucelles, signed in 1556 for a period of six years, followed by the abdication of Char- les V, seemed about to terminate his military career.

The dukes of Ciuise, however, as descendants of the House of .\njou, had certain pretensions to the King- dom of Naples, and it was doubtless with the secret in- tention of defending these claims that Fran(.'ois de Guise furthered the alliance between Henry II and Pope Paul IV which was menaced by Philip II. In consequence of this alliance Franvois de Guise en- tered Milanese territory (Jan., 1557), marched thence through Italy, and although neither the petty princes nor the pope gave him the as.sistance he expected, he took the little Neapolitan town of Campli (17 April, 1557), and on 24 .April laid siege to Civitella. At the end of twenty-two days, being threatened at the same lime by epidemic and the Duke of .\lva. he fell back upon Rome, where he reorganized his army, and was preparing to return southward, when Henry II, after the victory of the Spaniards over the Constable de Montmorency at Saint-Quentin (23 Aug., 1557), summoned him to "restore France".

Guise returned to court (20 Oct., 1557) and Tras in- vested with the title of lieutenant-general of the king- dom. He captured the city of Calais (1-8 Jan., 1558) by taking into account the plans of attack drawn up by Colignv. In June he took Thionville, in July, Arlon. He was about to attack Lu.xeniburg when he was