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GREGORY

tember, 1273, Gregory X immediately recognized him and invited him to Rome to receive the imperial crown. The pope and the emperor met at Lausanne in October of 1273. Gregory was then returning from the Council of Lyons. Rudolf took here the cus- tomary oaths for the defence of the Roman Church, took the cross, and postponed until the following year his journey to Rome. The {lope obtained from Al- fonso of Castile the renunciation of his claims to the German crown.

From the very beginning of his pontificate Gregory sought to promote the interests of the Holy Land. Large sums were collected in France and England for this crusade. A resolution adopted at the Council of Lyons, which opened on 7 May, 1274, provided that one-tenth of all benefices accruing to all churches in the course of six years should be set aside for the bene- fit of the Holy Land, the object being to secure the means of carrying on the holy war. This tithe was successfully rai.sed, and preparations were at once

Rudolf vnn Hiihshurff in ihreri peyt-jtscilifjen lieziehungen (Frei- burciin Br.. ISHI i, Wu.jKii. 1>„ I'„lilik ,ltr Kurie U7iler Gregor X. (Hciliii. |s:ir, (II i.i, /),, l;, ,,,lu,„,,.n /,•.,./..(/.< n,n Habshurg zu l;<,.^l I,,..,.., A >lin,.h,i.,k, IS'.IV; ^,,^ 1 1 TII.-^cll-GEnElTTH,

SlKih'fi \N! ',, ./,:-/,'. ,/, - A'."::'m;', I ih> Kn:uzzugpolilik (:>,,■ V \li,i,': I-'-i, ri.M.ii I 11. .Irr kirrhlichm T:>^. ' ■' ■ <^ I Minirh. 1864), 342

.^q, [M \-i I.I / ' /\ ' '. f\ njfiers Michael

VIII /■...I, in. -.■ ,/|.,;, ; ,. i,. , ,, ,/,,,,;, 7'Ara(. (1891),

XX.Vn, .ii:> M|.; llisitLli, KomUinujcschuhic. VI, 119 sq. J. P. KlRSCH.

Gregory XI (Pierre Roger de Beaufort), Pope; b. in 1331, at tiie castle of Maumont in the Diocese of Limoges; d. 27 March, 137S, at Rome. He was a nepliew of Pope Clement VI, who heaped numerous benefices upon him and finally created him cardinal deacon in 1348, when he was only eighteen years of age. As cardinal he attended the University of Perugia, became a skilled canonist and theologian, and gained the esteem of all by his humility and purity of heart. After the death of LTrban V, the cardinals unanimously el'^ctoil liiin pope at Avignon, on 30 De-

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F Gregory XI from Avignon to Rome Benvenuto di Giovanni, Siena

made in France and England for the expedition, which luifortunately was not carried out. The am- bassadors of the Grecian emperor, having arrived in Lyons on 24 June, swore, at the fourth sitting of the council (July 6) that the emperor had renounced the schism, and had returned to the allegiance due the Holy See. But this union, entered into by Michael PaliEologus for purely political reasons, w'as in no sense destined to endure. At the close of this council, over which Gregory had presided in person, he trav- elled by way of Lausanne, Milan, and Florence as far as Arezzo, where he died on 10 January, 1276. Though his pontificate proved so .short, the results which he achieved were of far-reaching consec|uence, and he succeeded in maintaining iminipaired peace and har- mony. On account of his unusual virtues he is re- vered as a saint in Rome and in a number of dioceses (Arezzo, Piacenza, Lausanne), his feast being 16 Feb- ruary.

GuiR.^iTD, Les Registres de Gregoire X. Recueil des bulles de ce Pape in Bibliothegue des Ecoles francaises de Rome et d'Athines (Paris, 1892—); Potthast, fffffesta Romanorum Ponlificvm, 11 (Berlin, 1S7S), 1651 sq.; Vila- Gregorii X.ed. Mlratori in Return Italicarum Scriptores, III, i, 597 sq., 599 sq.: Ill, ii, 424 sq.; Bibliotheca hagiographica latina, I (Brussels, 1898-99). 545 sq.; BoNUCCi, Isloria del ponlefice Gregorio X (Rome, 1711); Piacenza. Compendia della storia del 6. Gregorio X papa (Pia- cenza, 1876); LoSERTH. Akten aber die Waht Gregors X. in Neues Archiv (1895), XXI, 309 sq.; Zisterer, GregorX.und

cember, 1370. He chose the name of Gregory XI, had himself ordained priest on 4 January, 1371, and was crowned pope on the following day. Immediately upon his accession he attempted to reconcile the Kings of France and England, but failed. He succeeded, however, in pacifying Castile, Aragon, Navarre, Sicily, and Naples. He also made efforts towards the re- union of the Greek and Latin Churches, the undertak- ing of a crusade, and the reform of the clergy. Soon, however, he had to give his entire attention to the turbulent affairs of Italy. Duke Bernabo Visconti of Milan, an inveterate enemy of the papacy, had in 1371 made himself master of Reggio and other places that were feudatory to the Holy See. When all other means to bring him to terms had failed, Gregory XI placed him under the ban. Bernabo compelled the legates that Ijrought him the Bull of excommunication to eat the parchment on which his excommunication was written, and heaped many other insults upon them. Hereupon Gregory XI declared war upon him in 1372. Success was at first on the side of Bernabo, but when Gregory XI obtained the support of the emperor, the Queen of Naples, the King of Hungary, and bought into his service the English condottiere John Ha wkwood, Bernabo sued for peace. By bribing some of the papal councillors he obtained a favourable truce on June, 1374.