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GREENLAND

Doctor of Divinity in recognition of his services. He retired shortly before he died to Salter's Hall, New- port, Shropshire.

His works were: "A series of Discourses on the principal controverted points of Catholic Doctrine dehvered at . . . Norwich" (Norwich, 1830), re- printed under the title "Argumentative Discourses" in 1837; "A Correspondence between the Protestant Rector of Tixall and the Catholic Chaplain of Sir Clifford Constable" (Stafford, 1834); "A Letter ad- dressed to Rev. Clement Leigh" (London, 1836); "The Truth, the Whole Truth, and Nothing but the Truth" (London, 1838); "The Secular Clergy Fund of the late Midland District" (London, 1853, privately printed); "Rome, Purgatory, Indulgences, Idolatry, etc." (Bridgnorth, 1863); "Indulgences, Sacramen- tal Absolutions and Tax Tables of the Roman Chan- cery and Penitentiary considered in reply to the charge of Venality" (London, 1872, 1880). He also contrib- uted tothe "C)rthodox Journal", "Catholic Magazine" and "True Tablet".

The Oscotian, new series, III, 48; Gillow, BM. Diet. Eng. Calh., s. V.

Edwin Burton.

Green Bay, Diocese of (Sinus Viridis), estab- lished 3 Marcli, 1868, from the territory of the Diocese of Milwaukee, comprises sLxteen counties of the State of Wisconsin, U. S. A. : Brown. Calumet, Door, Florence, Forest, Kewaunee, Langlaile, Manitowoc, Marinette, Oconto, Outagamie, Portage. Shawano, Waupaca, Waushara, and Winnebago; an area of 15,387 square miles.

At that time there were in this district thirty-one churches and forty-two stations, with thirty-one priests and fifty-five ecclesiastical students; eleven parish schools and seven convents of the Sisters of Notre Dame, the L'rsulines, Sisters of St. Agnes, the Third Order of St. Dominic, and the Third Order of St. Francis, with a Catholic population of about 50,000. It was mixed Irish-American, German, Belgian, and Dutch, with a few Indians. Poles and Bohemians are now to be added to this classification.

Bishops. — (1) Joseph Melcher was appointed the first bishop, and consecrated at St. Louis, Missouri, 12 Jul)', 1868. In 1855 he had been appointed Bishop of the proposed See of Quincy, Illinois, but declined the appointment. The See of Quincy was soon after suppressed and the title transferred to .\lton. Bishop Melcher was born 19 March, 1806, at Vienna, Austria, and ordained priest at Modena, Italy, 12 March, 1830. He died at Green Bay, 20 Dec, 1873.

(2) Fr.vncis X.A.VIER Kr.iutbauer, second bishop, was consecrated 29 June, 1875, at Milwaukee, Wis- consin. A native of Bruck, Bavaria, where he was born 12 January, 1824, he was ordained priest 16 July, 1850, at Ratisbon. Hedied suddenly 17 Decem- ber, 18S5, at Green Bay.

(3) Frederic X.wier Katzer, third bishop, had been vicar-general of the diocese. He was born 7 February, 1844, at Ebensee, Upper Austria, and in the last year of his collegiate course at Friedberg he volunteered for the American mission. .Arriving in the L^nited States in May, 1864, he entered the Sales- ianum at St. Francis, near Milwaukee, where he com- pleted his theological course and was ordained priest, December, 1866. He taught in the Milwaukee Sem- inary until 1S75, when Bishop Krautbauer made him his secretary, and three years later vicar-general of Green Bay. On 30 January, 1891, he was promoted archbishop and transferred to Milwaukee, where he died 20 July, 1903.

(4) SEBA.STIAN Gebhard Messmer, fourth bishop, was consecrated at Newark, New Jersey, 27 Marcli, 1,892. He was born 29 August, 1847. at St. Gall, Switzerland, and ordained priest 23 July, 1871, at Innsbruck, .Austria. He was professor of theology at Seton Hall College, New Jersey, from 1871 to 1889,

and was professor of canon law at the Catholic Uni- versity, Washington, when chosen bishop. He was promoted to the Archbishopric of Milwaukee, 28 November, 1903.

(5) Joseph J. Fox, fifth bishop, was consecrated 25 July, 1904. He was born in Green Bay, 2 August, 1855, and made his theological studies at Louvain. He was ordained priest 7 June, 1870, and served as secretary to Bishop Krautbauer, vicar-general of the diocese, and pastor of Mariet te, before he was appointed bishop, 27 May. 1904.

The religious coniniunitieslocated in the diocese are: — Men; — Capuchins, Franciscans, Premonstratensians, Fathers of the Society of the Divine Saviour, Oblates of Mary Immaculate, and the Alexian Brothers. Women: — Sisters of St. Agnes, Sisters of St. Dominic, Felicians, Third Onler of St. Dominic, Sisters of Charity, Sisters of Christian Charity, Hospital Sisters of St. Francis, Little Sisters of the Poor, Sisters of Mercy, Polish Sisters of St. Joseph, School Sisters of St. Francis, Sisters of St. Francis, Sisters of Our Lady of Christ, Sisters of Misericorde, School Sisters of Notre Dame, Sisters of the Sorrowful Mother, Sisters of the Society of the Divine Saviour, Sisters of the Third Order of St. Francis.

Statistics: — 202 priests (47 regulars), 25 ecclesias- tical students, 54 brothers, 45 churches, 65 missions, 3 stations, 3 chapels, 104 parish schools (16,482 pupils), 1 academy (95 pupils), 2 colleges (109 students). 1 Indian school (224 pupils). 1 orphan asylum (227 inmates), 1 industrial and reform school (66 inmates), 1 infant home and asylum (50 inmates), 17,418 young people under Catholic care, 8 hospitals, Catholic population 135,000.

Catholic Directory (Milwaukee, 19091; Catholic Home Al- manac (New York, 1S92): Reuss, Biog. Encyrl. Calh. Hie- rarchy U.S. (Milwaukee, 1898); Catholic Citizen (Milwaukee), files.

Thomas F. Meehan.

Greenland. — An island stretching from within the Arctic Circle south to about 59 degrees N. latitude, be- tween 20 degrees and 75 degrees W. longitude. In shape it more or less resembles a triangle, its apex pointing south, its base facing north, in which direction its extent has not been precisely ascertained. It is bounded on the north by the Arctic Ocean; on the west, by Smith Sound, Baffin's Bay, and Davis Strait; on the east by the Arctic and the Atlantic Oceans. Its area has been estimated at about 512,000 square miles. The interior of this huge island is a plateau rising gradually towards the east, above which a few mountain peaks tower to a height of more than 13,100 feet. Immense fields of ice, varying in thick- ness, are lodged on the island, and, on the coast here and there, form steep walls launching mighty glaciers towards the ocean, where, caught bv the cur- rents, they drift southwards. These ice-fields and the continually moving masses of ice, which are dimin- ished only in the month of July, constitute the main difficulty in approaching the coast, which is indented with numerous fiords and lined with small islands. The mineralogical composition of Greenland is varied and comprises granite, sandstone, syenite, porphyry, and some brown coal, tin, and iron. Ivigtut is the only locality outside of Siberia which is known to produce the mineral kryolite (or kryolith) used in the manufacture of aluminium. The valleys in the south-west, traversed by rivers, and the hills facing towards the south-west, are the only sections of the country where vegetation finds a soil to nourish it, hence, as well as by reason of the severity of the long winters, the flora is comparatively insignificant. In the north the only vegetation con-' sists of lichens and mos.ses, in the milder regions of the south berries and various dwarfed plants are met with, while the most sheltered localities produce willow, alder, and birch trees, which, however, seldom