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 FEUARDENT

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FEUDALISM

power of Ngoi, Moloki. N'doshi or Uvengwa (i. e., evil-spirited leopard, like the German werewolf), viz., that certain possessors of evil spirits have ability to assume the guise of an animal, and reassume at will the human form. To this superstition must be referred the reverence shown fetish leopards, hippopotami, crocodiles, sokos (large monkeys of the goriUa type).

(See Amulet, Animism, Beity, Idolatry, Magic, Nathrism, Religion, Spiritism, Totemism, Shaman- ism, Symbolism.)

Bhinton, The Religions of Primitive Peoples (New York, 1897); Ellis, The Tshi-speaking Peoples of the Gold Coast of W. Africa (London, 1SS7); Idem, The Yomba-speaking Peoples of the Slave-Coast of W. Africa (London, 1S94); Farnell, Evolu- tion of Religion (London and New York, 1905); Haddon, Magic and Felichism in Religions, Ancient and Modern (London, 1906); HoFFDiNG, The Philosophy of Religion, tr. Meyea (London and New York, 1906); Jevons. Introduction to Study of Comparative Religion (New York. 190S); Kellog, Genesis and Growth of Re- ligion (London and New York, 1S92); Kidd, The Essential Kaffir (London. 1904); Kingsley, Travels in West Africa (London, ISUSi; Ii.em, West African Studies (London, 1S99); Leppert, Dir I^'!i>/i,>ii' 'I '/(T europdischen Culturvolker (Berlin, ISSl); MuLLKii, Ar/'.n// l;.Ugion (London, 1892); Idem. Origin and Growth of U.lnjion (London, 1878); Norris. Fetichism in W. Africa (New York, 1904); Schdltze, Psychologic der Naturvulker (Leipzig, 1900); Spencer St. John, Hayii and the Black Republic (2d ed., London, 1889); Tylor, Primitive Cul- ture (2d ed., London, 1873); Wilson, Western Africa (New York, 1856); Ames, African Fetichism (Heli Chatelain) in Folk- hore (Oct., Dec, 1894); Glau, Fetichism in Congo Land in Cen- tury (April, 1891); Kingsley, The Fetich View of the Human Sold in Folk-Lore (June, 1897); Nippesley, Fetich Faith in W. Africa in Pop. Sc. Monthly (Oct., 1887); Le Roy, La religion des primitifs (Paris, 1909).

John T. Driscoll.

Feuardent, Francois, Franciscan, theologian and preacher of the Ligue, b. at Coutances, Normandy, in 1539; d. at Paris, 1 Jan., 1610. Having completed his humanities at Bayeux, he joined the Friars Minor. After the novitiate, he was .sent to Paris to continue his studies, where he received (1.576) the de- gree of Doctor in Theology and taught with great suc- cess at the university. He took a leading part in the political and religious troubles in which France was involved at that time. With John Boucher and Bishop Rose of Senlis, he was one of the foremost preachers in the cause of the Catholic Ligue, and, as Roennus remarks in an appendix to Feuardent's "Theomachia", there was not a church in Paris in which he had not preached. Throughout France and beyond the frontiers in Lorraine and Flanders, he was an eloquent and ardent defender of the Faith. Never- theless, even Pierre de I'Etoile, a fierce adversary of the Ligue, recognizes in his " Memoires" the merits of Feuardent's subsequent efforts in pacifying the coun- try. In his old age he retired to the convent of Baj'eux, which he restored and furnished with a good library. His works can be conveniently grouped in three classes: (1) .Scriptural; (2) patristical ; (3) con- troversial. Only some of the most remarkable may be pointed out here. (1) A new edition of the medie- val Scripturist, Nicholas of Lyra: "Biblia Sacra, cum glossa ordinaria . . . et postilla Nicolai Lyrani" (Paris, 1590, 6 vols. fob). He also wrote commen- taries on various books of Holy .Scripture, viz on Ruth, Esther, Job, Jonas, the two Epistles of St. Peter, the Epistles of St. Jude and St. James, the Epistle of St. Paul to Philemon, and others. (2) "S. Irenaei Lugd. episcopi adversus Valentini . . . hsereses libri quinque" (Paris, 1576); "S. Ildephonsi archiepiscopi Toletani de virginitate Marisc liber" (Paris, 1576). Feuardent also wrote an introduction and notes to "Michaelis Pselli Dialogus de energia seu operatione daemonum translatus a Petro Morello" (Paris, 1577). (3) "Appendix ad libros Alphonsi a Castro (O.F.M.) contra haereses" (Paris, 1578). "Theomachia Calvi- nistica", his chief work is based on some earlier writ- ings, such as: "Semaine premifre des dialogues aux- quels sont examines et r^futC-es 174 erreurs des Calvi- nistes" (1585); " Seconde semaine des dialogues . . . "

(Paris, 1598); " Entremangeries et guerres minis- trales ..." (Caen, 1601).

Feret, La Faculte de Theologie de Paris et ses docteurs les plus centres (Paris, 1900), II, 244-254; Wadding-Sbaralea, Scrip- tores Ordinis minorum, ed. Nardecchia, I (Rome, 1906), 80 sq.; II (1908), 268 sq.; Joannes a S. Antonio, Bihliolheca universa, I, 3S3; Weinand in Kirchenlex,, s. v.; Gaudentius. Britrdge zur Kirchengeschichte des XVL und XVIL Jahrhunderts (Bozen, 1880), 102-104; Hurter, Nomenclalor. IS6t,-166S, p. 157.

Livarius Oliger.

Feuchtersleben, Baron Ernst von, an .Austrian poet, philosopher, and physician; b. at Vienna, 29 April, 1806; d. 3 September, 1849. After completing his course at the Theresian Academy, he took up the study of medicine in 1825, receiving the degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1833. In 1844 he began a series of free lectures on psychiatry at the LTniversity of Vienna, the next year became dean of the medical faculty, and in 1847 was made vice-director of medico- chirurgic.al studies. In July, 1848, he was appointed under -secretary of state in the ministry of public instruction, and in this capacity he attempted to introduce some important reforms in the system of education, but, discouraged by the difficulties which he encountered, he resigned in December of the following year. As a medico-philosophical -ivriter, Feuchters- leben attained great popularity, especially through his book "Zur Diatetik der Seele (Vienna, 1838), which went through many editions (46th in 1896). Hardly less famous is his "Lehrbuch der arztlichen Seelen- kunde" (Vienna, 1845), translated into English by H. Evans Lloyd under the title of " Principles of Aledical Psychology" (revised and edited by B. G. Babington, London, 1847). He also wrote an essay, "Die Ge- wissheit und Wiirde der Hcilkunst" (Vienna, 1839), a new edition of which appeared under the title " Aerzte und Publikum" (Vienna, 1845). As a poet Feuch- tersleben is chiefly known by the well-known song, " Es ist bestimmt in (jottes Rat", which appeared in "Ge- dichte" (Stuttgart, 1836) and was set to music by Mendelssohn. His later poems are more philosophi- cal and critical. His essays and other prose writings were published under the title " Beitriige zur Littera- tur-, Kunst- und Lebenstheorie " (Vienna, 1837-41). His complete works (exclusive of his medical writings) were edited by Friedrich Hebbel (7 vols., Vienna, 1851-53).

Ckinsult the autobiography prefixed to the above-mentioned edition; also Neckhr, Ernst v. Feuchtersleben, der Freund Grill- parsers in Jahrhuch der Grillparzer-Gesetlschaft, III (Vienna, 1893).

Arthur F. J. Remy.

Feudalism. — This term is derived from the Old Aryan pe'ku, hence .Sanskrit pofu, "cattle"; so also Lat. pecus (cf. pecunia); Old High German fehu, fihu, "cattle", "property", "money"; Old Frisian fia; Old Saxon fehu; Old English feoh, fioh, feo, fee. It is an indefinable word, for it represents the progressive development of European organization during seven centuries. Its roots go back into the social conditions of primitive peoples, and its branches stretch out through military, political, and judicial evolution to our own day. Still, it can so far be brought within the measurable compass of a definition if sufficient allowance be made for its double aspect. For feudal- ism (like every other systematic arrangement of civil and religious forces in a state) comprises duties and rights, according as it is looked at from a central or local point of view. (1) As regards the duties in- volved in it, feudalism may be defined as a contractual system by which the nation as represented by the king lets its lands out to individuals who pay rent by doing governmental work not merely in the shape of military service, but also of suit to the king's court. Origni- ally indeed it began as a military system. It was in imitation of the later Roman Empire, which met the Germanic inroads by grants of lands to individuals on