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GREECE

to forbidding any proselytizing. In 1S33 a law was passed requiring all papal Bulls, Briefs, etc., to be sub- mitted to the Minister for Foreign Affairs before their publication. Five Catholic bishops (of Syros, Tenos and Mykonos, Naxos, Thera, and Corfu) are recog- nized by tlie Government; no other sees may be erected without its consent. The Latin Archbishop of Athens is not recognized by the State.

The present Catholic hierarchy is: (1) Archdiocese of Athens, established in 1875, when Bishop Marankos of Syros took up his seat there, in spite of the protest of the Government. By this act the metropolitan jurisdiction of Syros was practically transferred to Athens. In this diocese are 14 parishes, 13 priests, and about 18,000 Catholics. (2) Archdiocese of Corfu {Corcyra. KerkjTa), with 7 churches, 10 priests, and 4000 Catholics. (3) Zante (ZakjTithos) and Cephalo- nia united (suffragan of Corfu), including the islands of Zante, Cephalonia, S. Maura, Ithaca, Cerigo, with 3 parishes, 7 priests, 1000 Catholics. (4) Archdiocese of Naxos with 1 parish, 6 priests, 350 Catholics. (5) Andros (suffragan of Xaxos), administered by the Bishop of Tenos and Mykonos. (6) Santorin (Thera), suffragan of Xaxos, with which is united the adminis- tration of Melos, 1 parish, 8 priests, 460 Catholics. (7) Chios (suffragan of Xaxos), 3 churches, 8 priests, 300 Catholics. (S) Syros (now suffragan of X'axos), 6 parishes, 25 priests, 7000 Catholics. (9) Tenos and Mykonos (suffragan of Xaxos), 26 churches, 26 priests and 5000 Catholics (Werner, "Orbis Terrarum Catho- licus", Freiburg im Br., 1890, pp. 131-133).

These figures give a Catholic population of 36,110. Another census (quoted by W. Gotz, " Griechenland, Kirchliche Statistik", in "Realencykl. fur prot. Theologie", 3rd ed., Leipzig, 1899, VII, 168) gives 50,000 Catholics. On the other hand we have seen that the Government, in 1889, admitted only 14,687 other (not Orthodox) Christians altogether. A few congregations of Byzantine L'niats in the kingdom, served by priests of their own rite, depend on the Latin bishops (Echos d'Orient, 1906, p. 336).

W. PROTEST.tNTs AND Other Sects. — There are a few small communities of Greeks who have left the Orthodox Church, either converted by Protestant missionaries or following some new protestantizing or rationalizing leader of their own. English and Ameri- can missionaries have been at work here, disseminating bibles and holding prayer-meetings, since 1810. Protestant schools were opened by a certain Hildner in Syros in 1827, by King and Hill at Athens in 1832. At first the Orthodox seem to have watched their movements without suspicion. The British and For- eign Bible Society had even arranged with the Patri- arch of Constantinople for the sale of their bibles. But these were found to exclude the deuterocanonical books and to be done into Jlodern Greek from the Massoretic text mthout reference to the Septuagint, the official text of the Orthodox Church. The mis- sionaries also, not content with selling their bibles, held prayer-meetings in opposition to the liturgical services and preached against sacraments and cere- monies. So the Orthodox, lefl by the great conserva- tive Oikonomos, became suspicious of them; they were denounced as disturbers of the public peace, and in some places their schools and conventicles were closed. Kng was expelled from Athens in 1852, but he soon came back and went on with his work. He formed a number of native Greek preachers and mis- sionaries to propagate his ideas (Kalopathakes, Sakel- larios, Konstantinos, and so on), and died in 1869. The end of this disturbance about the missionaries was that the Government granted entire toleration, but the Orthodox Church formally excommunicated them and their adherents. At first it had been a question of selling bibles and preaching to the Ortho- dox rather than of forming a new sect. Now the issue is qtiite clear; the Orthodox are forbidden to attend

the missionaries' meetings, so these have built up reg- ular congregations with ministers. People who join these leave the established Church and become Prot- estants. The first church of these Greek Protestants was opened at Athens in 1874. They call themselves Ei;a7-,cXiKoi' and AiaixaprvpStiffoi. The church at Athens has about 100 attendants. In 1880 an at- tempt to build one at the Piraeus ended in a riot in which the building was destroyed. A few scattered Greek Protestants attend foreign Protestant churches. At Athens there is a Lutheran Church founded by King George to satisfy his religious needs and those of his Danish attendants. Its pastor (now a German, Hofprediger v. Schierstadt) preaches to about 200 Danes, Germans, and Swiss. There is an Anglican church with about 100 English and American attend- ants and another little meeting-house of an American sect nearly opposite Hadrian's Arch; also a Salvation- ist meeting-house. The number of Greeks attracted by all these people put together is infinitesimal.

There are also a few small sects that have arisen out of the Orthodox Church without the help of foreign Protestants. Theophilos Kaires, a priest, founded a kind of Deism on the lines of the French Encycloped- ists which he called "God-worship" ideoae^ur ixbi) . In 1849 he published his Gospel, which he called TvudTiKii. He was considerably persecuted for a time, and twice put in prison, where he died in 1853. An- drew Laskaratos and one or two other writers made a desultorj' campaign against the established Church in favour of what they considered to be primitive Chris- tianity. A. Papadiamantopulos started a Positivist movement. The question of Darwinism brought about friction between the Holy Synod and the Gov- ernment on one side, and certain university professors at Athens on the other. Plato Drakules wrote an amazing mystification of a Gnostic and Cabbalistic kind that he called "Light from within" (*«? (k twv %v5ov). Except that of Kaires, these movements did not form organized sects. In the other direction a monk, Christopher Papulakis, and a lajTnan, Makra- kis, excited the people against the Holy Synod, the Government, and the university, in the name of the old faith. Papulakis (1852) was put into a monastery; Makrakis, after a long career of opposition, was ex- communicated by the Holy Synod (1879) and impris- oned for two years by the Government. He had opened a church served by priests of his way of think- ing; this was shut up. As soon as he came out of prLson he began again a propaganda that now pro- duced a formal sect, was again tried for heresy and sedition, and imprisoned. He has since his second release continued to form his sect and to lead a cam- paign of extreme opposition against the "apostate" State Church. His followers number about 5000; they follow lines verj' like those of the Russian Ras- kolniks (q. v.) — the official Cliurch has fallen, her priests have lost all powerof administering sacraments. her rites are schismatical; they, the Makrakists, alone are the really orthodox.

There are about 6000 Sephardim Jews in Greece, and in 1889 the census counted 24,165 Moslems, living chiefly in Thessaly. It is to the credit of the Govern- ment that these Moslems have always been treated with perfect toleration. They are excused from ser- ving in the army under a flag marked with the cross. They have their mosques wherever they want them, and the muezzin still cries from the minaret, as loudly as when the sultan reigned here, that Jlohammed is the prophet of God. Nevertheless, great numbers of Moslems crossed the frontier into Turkey when Greece became free; the addition of more territory in 1881 led to another great emigration, and the Moslem popu- lation of Greece is still steadily diminishing. Natu- rally, they find the changed conditions humiliating. At Larissa and thereabouts one finds Turkish quarters with their mosque, as across the frontier, but many