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 ORANDERATH

725

GRANDMONT

Casale, a Franciscan who lived shortly before the fourteenth century, to the authorship of the Imitation. Dv PiN, Bibtiotheque des auteurs et^cL (seventeenth century); MoREBi, Grand dictionn. historique, IV, 179-80.

H. Leclercq.

Granderath.THEODOR, b. 19 June, 1839, at Giesen- kirchen, Rhine Province; d. 19 March, 1902, at Val- kenburg, Holland. After completing the course in the gymnasium at Neuss, he studied theology in the University of Tiibingen, and entered the Society of Jesus at Munster, Westphalia (3 April, 1860). Be- tween 1862 and 1874 he fini.shed his studies in the classics, philosophy, theology, and canon law. In 1874 he was appointed professor of canon law in the college of Ditton Hall, England, where from 1876 to 1887 he taught dogma and apologetics. In 1887 he was sent to the college of the Society at Exaeten, Hol- land, to succeed Father Schneemann in the prepara- tion of the "Acta et Decreta ConciUi Vaticani". In 1893 he was called to Rome, where Leo XIII placed the archives of the Vatican Council at his disposal, with a view to a history of that council. In 1897 and 1898 he replaced the professor of apologetics at the Gregorian University. In 1901 failing health com- pelled him to retire to the college at Valkenburg, where he prepared the first two volumes of his history of the Vatican Council.

Granderath's name will live for ever among scholars in connexion with his monumental labours on the Vatican Coimcil. In preparation for them he first edited the "Acta et Decreta sacrosancti cecumenici Concilii Vaticani"(FreiburgimBr., 1890), the seventh volume of the " Acta et Decreta sacrorum Conciliorum recentiorum" in the "CoUectio Lacensis". This was followed by " Constitutiones Dogmaticse ss. cecumenici t'oncihi Vaticani e.x ipsis ejus actis explicatae atque illustrata;" (Freiburg im Br., 1892). The publication of his "Geschichte des vaticanischen Koncils von seiner ersten Ankiindigung bis zu seiner Vertagung, nach den authentischen Dokumenten dargestellt" was continued after the author's death by his fellow- Jesuit Konrad Kirch. Two volumes of this work, which the author himself prepared for the press, were issued in 1903 at Freiburg im Breisgau, the first dealing with the preliminary history and the second with the proceedings of the council to the end of the third public session. The third and last volume was published in 1906 and treats of the final proceedings. A French translation is being issued at Brussels ( 1 908 ) . The great merit of Granderath 's work con- sists in his refutation of biased accounts of the council animated by hostility to the Church ; he opposes to them a history based upon authentic materials. For the first time the unabridged text of the acts of the council, especially of the discourses delivered in the gen- eral congregations, was laid before the public. Gran- derath was also the author of many apologetic, dogma- tic, and historical articles in the "Stimmen aus Maria-Laach" (1874-99), the "Zeitschrift fijr kath. Theologie" (1881-86), and the "Katholik" (1898). The second edition of the " Kirchenlexikon " contains also several lengthy articles from his pen, among others that on the Vatican Council (XII, 607-33).

Lauchert in BiogTaphisches Jahrbuch (Berlin, 1904), VII, 265.

Friedrich Lauchert.

Grandidier, Philippe-Andre, priest and historian, b. at Strasljurg, Alsace, 9 Nov., 1752; d. at the Abbey of Luntzel (Lucelles), Sundgau, 11 Oct., 1787. This gifted scholar was appointed archivist of the Diocese of Strasburg at the early age of eighteen by the prince- archbishop. Cardinal de Rohan, and at twenty-five had been admitted to twenty-one scientific societies in France and Germany. His forte was critical in- vestigation, but his intense application soon under- mined his health, and he died at the early age of thirty-

four. In recognition of his services he was made canon of Strasburg, and, shortly before his death, royal historiographer for Alsace. We owe to him two volumes of the " Histoire de I'eglise et des ^veques- princes de Strasbourg depuis la fondation de V6vech6 jusqu'i nos jours" (Strasburg, 1776-78), an account of the early ecclesiastical history of Alsace to 965. From the manuscripts of Grandidier Liblin continued this monumental work under the title: "ffiuvres his- toriques in^dites de Ph.-A. Grandidier" (Colmar, 1865-67), in six volumes. Pius VI expressed his ad- miration of Grandidier's work and encouraged the young savant to further labours. The other canons of Strasburg therefore held themselves slighted and so opposed Grandidier's scientific methods — even ques- tioning the soundness of his faith — that for a while he dropped all historical work. He soon yielded, how- ever, to his love of science, and gave new evidence of his skill in historical research by the "Essais histo- riques et topographiques sur I'eglise cathedrale de Strasbourg" (Strasburg, 1782) and by the "Histoire ecclesiastique, militaire, civile et litt^raire de la pro- vince d'Alsace" (Strasburg, 1787). Recently P. In- gold edited in five volumes the correspondence of this savant: " Nouvelles oeuvres inedites; Les Corres- pondants de Grandidier" (Paris, 1895-97).

SvACH, Eloge historique de Grandidier (Colmar, 1851); Idem, L'Abbe Grandidier dans ses oeuvres choisies (Strasburg, 1865). See also Notice sur la vie et les auvres de Grandidier (Colmar, 1858).

Patricius Schlager.

Grandmont, Abbey and Order of, in the depart- ment of Hte-Vienne, France. The exact date of the foundation of the order is very uncertain. The tradi- tional story involves serious chronological difficulties, and is based on a Bull of Gregory VII now shown to be a forgery (see Martene and Durand, Ampl. Coll., VI, Praef.). The founder, St. Stephen, is said to have settled in the valley of Muret near Limoges in 1076, but Martene considers that the origin of the order can- not be placed earlier than about 1100. The Order of Grandmont has been claimed by both Benedictines and Canons Regular as a branch of their respective institutes, although the Grandmontines always main- tained that they formed a distinct order. Mar- tene considers that St. Stephen modelled his insti- tute upon the life of the Carthusians. The so-called " Rule of St. Stephen" was compiled at the request of the fourth prior, Etienne de Liciac, by Hugh of La- certa, and embodies the customs of Grandmont some 20 or 30 years after St. Stephen's death. The founder himself left no authentic writings. His maxim was: "There is no rule save the Gospel of Christ"; as this was the basis of all rules, to practise its morality was to fulfil all the duties of a good religious. The early Grandmontines were noted for their extreme austerity. Povert}' was most strictly observed; the rule forbade the possession of lands, cattle, revenue, or impropriate churches. Begging was only permitted when there was no food in the house, and even then the local bishop was first to be informed of their state. The law of silence was also very severe, as were the rules of fasting and abstinence.

After the founder's death in 1124 his disciples mi- grated to the neighbouring rocky desert of Grandmont, owing to a dispute about the ownership of Muret. Under Etienne de Liciac the order spread rapidly, and in 1170 numbered sixty monasteries, mostly in Aquitaine, Anjou, and Normandy. Under his suc- cessor, Bernard de Boschiac, eighty new foundations were made, and the " bons hommes" were to be found in nearly every diocese of France. The influence of the Grandmontines reached its height in the twelfth century. Their holy austerity roused the admiration of all beholders, and the kings of England and France vied with one another in bestowing favours upon them. Henry II of England had the monastery rebuilt, and