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GRANADA

Pannonis). Since 1715 the primate has also been a Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, having the title of Prince Primate. He is the ciiicf and privy chancellor of Himgary, and therefore Ivecper of the great seal of the kingdom. Formerly he was also a member of the supreme court, and in still earlier times, governor, viceroy, and First Count (Erbobergespan) of the County of Gran. To the primate also belonged the right to superintend the royal mint, and for this he received a certain sum out of its revenues {jus piseti). According to an ancient custom, he has the right of crowning the king and of anointing the queen. By a gift of arehiepiscopal property he was at one time able to confer nobility {Priidialadel). The right to take an oath before a court of justice through his deputy, and not personally, was another privilege of the Primate of Hungary. The primate is also chief priest and chan- cellor of the Order of St. Stephen, established in 1764. As first banneret (baro regni) of Hungary, he is a mem- ber of the Upper House.

Knauz, Monumenta ecclr-,i.,- .' ' - - I >fnicl:lung der Rechte des Erzbischofs von Gran als I'l-f ■nihis und Grosskanzler

(1866); ToROK, ZJiePrim.i.-, ( .. r.iulapest, 1S59); Kar.\-

isoNYl, Werwaren die ert^li-'ii I.i ^/^l.Ji:.,'l Gransuf in Szdzadok, XXVI; Das katolische Ungaru, II (Budapest, 1902); Die Komi- tale und Stddte Vngams. Komitat Gran (Budapest, 1908); Sche- matuimus cleri archidiaecesis Strigoniensis pro 1909.

A. Aldasv.

Granada, Archdiocese of (Granatensis), in Spain, founded by St. Cecilius about the year 64, was made an arehiepiscopal .see by Alexander VI, 23 Jan., 1493. The history of this city, the long line of its prelates (uninterrupted until the twelfth century and restored in 1437), its illustrious men, and its famous monuments can hardly be summarized within the limits of this brief article. In the Roman period the city appears as Mimicipium Florentinum Eliberrit- anum. On its Iberian coins, minted in the Roman republican period, the city is called Ilurir; on Latin coins, Iliber and Florentia; on Visigothic coins, Ili- berri, Eliberri, and Liberri. Pliny calls it Eliberri; Ptolemy, 'IXXi/Stpfs; Herodian, 'IWlfirip. Oleron and Elna, on the other side of the Pyrenees, were similarly called; the name seems derived from the Basque language, in w-hich iri-berri, or ili-berri, signifies " new town". In the eighth century, under Arab domina- tion, this name was changed to Granada, originally the name of that particular quarter of the city inhabited since the third century by the Jews, to whom the Mussulman conquerors entrusted the custody of the city; it is worthy of note that several Palestinian peoples in the Old Testament are called Rimmon, "pomegranate" (in Spanish, granada).

The famous codex of San Millan (St. Emilian), written in the tenth century, and now preserved in the Escorial Library, supplies us with a catalogue of the bishops of ElUberis, sLxty-two in number, from St. Cecilius to Agapius (64 to 957). The names of many of these and the periods of their reigns are also estab- lished by the Acts of councils, by their own writings, and by other authors, native and foreign. St. Cecil- ius, whose feast was kept by the Visigothic and Mozarabic Church on 1 May, was one of the seven Apostolic men sent from Rome by St. Peter and St. Paul to preach the Gospel in Hispania Bcetiea, where they suffered martyrdom. On 15 May, 301, the famous synod known as the Council of Eliberis assem- bled at Granada (see Elvira, Council of), forty-three bishops being present, among them, besides Flavian of Granada, the great Hosius of Cordova, Liberius of M^-rida, Melantius of Toledo, Decentius of Leon, and Valerius of Saragossa. The eiglity-one canons of this council reflect the state of dogma and church discipline in a time when persecution and antagonism were aroused by Roman imperial authority, the Jews, heretics, and schismatics. St. Gregory, Bi.shop of Elliberis, who assisted at the Councils of .Sirmium and

Rimini, and was the constant antagonist of the Arian heresy, bears witness to the purity of Catholic faith which this see always maintained. Bishop Stephanus (Esteban) assisted at the Third Cduucil of Toledo (589), which extinguished tlie Arian heresy in Spain; Bishop Bisinus at the Second of Seville (619); Bishop Felix at the Fourth of Toledo (633) ; the signatures of successive bishops of Elliberis in later councils attest the accuracy of the aforesaid San Millan catalogue. In 777 Bishop Egila was honoured by letters of praise from Adrian I. St. Leovigild, who, in the year 852, suffered martyrdom at Cordova, was a native of Granada; and, not long after (858), the See of Granada was occupied by the wise Recesmund, memorable for his astronomical and literary achievements, as well as his embassies on behalf of Abd-er-Rahman III, Caliph of Cordova, to the Emperors of Germany and of Con- stantinople. It was to him that Liutprand dedicated his history of the kings and emperors of Europe.

The See of Granada remained inviolate until the middle of the twelfth century. The Christian (Moz- arabic) population having called to their aid Alfonso the Fighter (el Batallador), King of Aragon and Na- varre, and conqueror of Saragossa, he led his hosts within sight of Granada; but the expedition being defeated, some of the Christians departed with the king, and the Almohades carried off the remainder by force to Marrueos. Thenceforward the Christian population consisted of captives and foreigners, and no bishop held the title of Granada. (!ams, in his "Series Episcoporum", makes St. Pedro Pascual (d. 6 Dec, 1300) a Bishop of Granada in the second half of the fourteenth century, an error which has been cor- rected since the publication of the " Regesta" of Boni- face VIII (Paris, 1884). The new list of Bishops of Granada begins 13 Sept., 1437, and continues until 1492, according to the researches of Eubel in the Vati- can registers.

With the surrender of the city to the Catholic sovereigns Ferdinand and Isabella (2 Jan., 1492), be- gan a period of splendour for the See of Granada. A few days after that event, the Catholic sovereigns there ratified with Christopher Columbus the compact which was to result, before the end of that year, in the discovery of the New World. On 30 Jan. they issued the decree of expulsion against all Jews inhabiting their dominions in Spain and Italy.

It is to be noted that the first Archbishop of Gra- nada, the queen's confessor, transferred from the See of Avila, was not hostile to Columbus, but his constant friend, as Don Antonio Sanchez Moguel, Member of the (Spanish) Royal Academy of History, has prom- ised to demonstrate. In this modern period of more than four centuries' duration, Granada has been ruled by many archbishops eminent for learning and virtue, e. g. Cardinal Gaspar de Avalos, who founded the uni- versity (1531), Pedro Guerrero, a distinguished mem- ber of the Council of Trent, and Manuel Bonel y Orbe, Patriarch of the Indies; it has given birth to innumer- able writers, among whom the Dominican Luis de Granada and the Jesuit Francisco Sudrez are con- spicuous; it was the cradle of the Order of St. John of God. Indeed, it has long been a centre of vigorous spiritual life, proof of which is abundantly furnished by its churches, its conventual buildings, and the vast material resources there devoted to works of charity. Its cathedral contains the tombs of Ferdinand and Isabella, and of the Empress Isabella, wife of Charles V. Early in the present century, that famous monu- ment of Spanish art, the Cartuja (Chartreuse) of Granada, from which its austere anchorites had been driven by the barbarous decree of exclaustration (1835), was acquired and restored by the Jesuits, who have established in it their novitiate for New Castile, Estremadura, and Andalusia, also a school of the sacred sciences, and a seismological and astronomical observatory which publishes a periodical bulletin