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GRAN

A word as to the attitude of the Church towards the legend. It would seem that a legend so dis- tinctively Christian would find favour with the Church. Yet this was not the ca.se. Excepting Helinandus, clerical writers do not mention the Grail, and the Church ignored the legend completely. After all, the legend contained elements of which the Church could not approve. Its sources are in apoc- ryphal, not in canonical, scripture, and the claims of sanctity made for the Grail were refuted by their very extravagance. Moreover, the legend claimed for the Church in Britain an origin well nigh as illustrious as that of the Church of Rome, and independent of Rome. It was thus calculated to encourage and to foster any separatist tendencies that might exist in Britain. As we have seen, the whole tradition concerning the Grail is of late origin and on many points at variance with historical truth.

The " Queste " was edited by Furnivall, " La Queste del Saint Graal" (Roxburghe Club, London, 1864), also the Grand St. Graal under the title " Seynt Graal or the Sank Ryal", etc. (Roxburghe Club, London, lSGl-63). The Perlesvaus is in Potvin's edition of Chrestien, I (Mons, 18G6); the Didot Perceval in Hucher, " Le Saint Graal " (Le Mans, 1874-78). Rob- ert de Boron's poem was edited by Michel, " Le roman du St. Graal" (Bordeaux, 1841), Malory's "Morte D'Arthur" by Sommer (London, 1889-91), and the Perlesvaus rendered into English by Evans, "The High History of the Holy Grail" (London, 1898). (See Wolfram von Eschenbach.)

For a critical discussion and full summaries of the Grail romances consult Birch-Hirschfeld, Die Sage vom Gral (Leip- zig, 1877), and Nutt, Studies on the Legend of the Holy Grail (London, 1888), and The Legends of the Holy Grail (London, 1902); Wechssler, Die Sage vom heiligen Gral in ihrer Ent- wicklung bis auf Richard Wagners Parsifal (Halle, 1898), con- tains a complete bibliography of the subject up to 1S9S. See also Heinzele, Ueberdie franzosischen Gralromane in Denk- schriften der Wiener Akademie, phil.- hist. Klasse.'XXi (Vienna, 1891); Hertz, Parzifal (2nd ed., Stuttgart, 1S9S), pp. 413-66; DoMANiG, Parzivalstudien, II (Paderborn, 1880); Rhys, The Origin of the Holy Grail in Studies in the Arthurian Legend (Ox- ford, 1891), 30-32; Gaston Paris, Histoire litteraire de la France. XXX (ISSS), pp. 1-19, 27-29, 39^4, 247-263; Paulin Paris, Les Romans de la Table Ronde, I-V (Paris, 1868-77), and in Romania, I, 1 sq.; Baist, Artus und der Gral in Zeitschrift filr romanische Philologie, 19, 326 sq.; Grober, Franzosische Lit- teratur in Grundriss der romanischen Philologie (Strasburg, 189S), II. i. 502-10, 521-3; Willy Staerk, Ueber den Ur- sprung der Grallegende (Tubingen and Leipzig, 1903"; ; Newell, The Legend of the Holy Grail (Cambridge, Mass.. 1902).

Arthur F. J. Remt. Gramigna, Petronius. See Allahabad, Diocese

OF.

Grammont. See Grandmont, Abbey and Order

OF.

Gramont, Eugenie de, religious of the Society of the Sacred Heart; b. at Versailles, 17 September, 1788; d. at Paris, 19 November, 1846. Her father, the Count de Gramont d'Aster, was attached to the Court of Louis XVI; he had married a daughter of the Count de Boisgelin, maid of honour to Queen Marie Antoinette. The family was driven into exile by the fall of the monarchy and, after travelling in Germany and Italy, settled at Richmond in England. After the death of the Count de Gramont d'Aster his widow was for a time in straitened circumstances, and maintained herself and her child by teaching. She soon returned to France, where Eugenie learnt, at Amiens, to know the new Society of the Sacred Heart, of which she became a member in 1806. Her mother also joined it a few years afterwards, and made her novitiate under the guidance of her own daughter. In 1815, notwithstanding her youth and the drawback of a slight physical deformity. Mother de Gramont was placed in charge of the first school of the Sacred Heart, opened in Paris, Rue des Postes, afterwards transferred to the Rue de Varenne. The school flour- ished under her care and, after a short interruption of her work by the revolution of 1830, she was sent back VT — 46

to govern the house as superioress and continued to do so until her death in 1846. Mother de Gramont's re- miirkaiile intelligence and influence were of great value in the iniportant work entrusted to her,and sheestab- lislicd the .school in the Rue de Varenne so firmly in its position that the only arLxiety of the foundress of the society concerning it was the .success, almost too bril- liant for her love of hiddenness and simplicity, which attended the work. She knew the weak side of Mother de Gramont's character as well a.s her great gifts, and she was not deceived as to the dangers of a mind which was too receptive of strong influences and very difficult to disillusion. In a time of trial, during the first year of her religious Ufe at Amiens, when the existence of the Society of the Sacred Heart was in great danger, Mother de Gramont was one of those who were misled by the action of M. de St. Esteve; and again, in an- other critical moment in 18.39, she took a line of con- duct in opposition to the foundress which she after- wards recognized and deplored to the end of her life ; her sorrow for her error, it is said, hastened her death. She died in the most perfect union of affection with the foundress. Blessed Madeleine Sophie Barat, asking pardon of her and of the whole society for the errors of judgment into which she had been led — her personal devotedness to the mother general had never wavered.

Life of Venerable Madeleine Louise Sophie Barat (Roehamp- ton, 19001; Baunard, Histoire de la Venerable Mere Barat (Paris, 1876, 1900), tr. Fullerton (Roehampton. 1876).

Janet Stuabt.

Gran (Hungarian Esztergom; Lat. Strigonium), Archdiocese of (Strigoniensis), in Hungary. From the earliest time of its existence (eighth century) up to the beginning of the eleventh century, the Diocese of Gran embraced the greater part of Hungary, but as early as the beginning of the twelfth century its ex- tent was considerably diminished by the founding of the Archdiocese of Bacs. Gran, however, always re- mained the most important, and the Archbishop of Gran was looked upon as the Primate of Hungary. The jurisdiction of Gran extended originally over the whole of Lfpper Hungary to the territory of the Cu- mans beyond the Theiss. In 176G two more dioceses were established in this territorj', Neusohl (Beszter- cze-B;inya) and Rosenau (Rozsnyo), and in 1804 the Diocese of Erlau was separated from the Archdiocese of Gran, and raised to the archiepiscopal rank, with the suffragan sees of Rosenau, Szepes, Kaschau (Kassa), and Szatmdr. In 1776 the Greek Ruthenian Bishoprics of Eperies, Munkdcs, and Kreuz (Koros) were placed under the jurisdiction of the Archdiocese of Gran ; but in 1852 Kreuz was transferred to the Archdiocese of Agram, to which it had formerly belonged. The Arch- diocese of Gran extends to-day over fourteen counties, and has as suffragans Neutra (Nyitra), Veszprem, Waitzen (Vdcz), Steinamanger (Szombathely), Stuhl- weissenburg (Sz^kes-Feh^rvdr), Raab (Gyor), Fiinf- kirchen (P6cs), and Neusohl (Besztercze-Bdnya) (Latin Rite), also the Greek Ruthenian Dioceses of Eperies and Munkacs. There are three chapters, the metropolitan chapter at Gran with 22 members, the collegiate chapter of Presburg with 13 members, and the chapter at Tyrnau (Nagy-Szombat) with 6 mem- bers. The archdiocese is divided into three vicariates. Gran, Tyrnau, and Budapest; 8 archdeaneries, the cathedral deanery of Gran and those of Bars, Hont, Komorn (Komarom), Neograd (Nogrdd), Neutra (Nyitra), Presburg (Pozsony), and Sassin (Sasvdr); and 46 deaneries, of which 21 belong to the Vicariate of Gran, one to that of Budapest, and 24 to that of Tyrnau. There are also in the archdiocese 13 abbeys, and 24 exempt abbeys. At one time the parishes numbered over a thousand, and as late as the middle of the sixteenth century exceeded nine hund red. On ac- count of the continued advance of the Turks and the spread of Protestantism, this number rapidly de-